完全系统

Now the controllability theory in linear systems over the field R of real numbers has been heavily studied. This theory is efficacious for analyzing the characters which are determined by the value of physical parameters and system structure, nevertheless a practical system has a definite structure and has approximate, even unknown parameter sometimes because of a limit to experiment conditions, or a limit to making technology, the errors of observation. It is inconvenience for a linear system over the field R of real numbers to analyze the structure characters of a physical system, such as structural controllability.

目前，实数域上的系统的完全能控性理论研究已经很成熟了，它用于分析系统结构和物理参量的值共同决定的那些性能是有效的，然而，在工程中，由于实验条件或者制造工艺上的限制和观测上的误差，以及人为地对数据的近似处理，一个实际系统往往其结构是确定的，而参数只是近似的甚至未知的，实数域上的系统不便于分析物理系统的结构性质，如结构能控性。

After years of efforts, our products have proceeded from a sole category to diversified, packaging and serial categories, such as Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) Fire Extinguishing System, High Press Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing System ,Fluoroform (HFC-23) Fire Extinguishing System, Integrate Gas IG-541 Fire Extinguishing System, Foam Extinguishing System , Fire extinguisher , Water fire-fighting system, Special grade inorganic fire resistant roller shutters, Composite steel fire resistant roller shutters, Fire damper, Smoke fire damper, Low-noise cabinet centrifugal fire blower, Axial flow fire smoke exhaust blower, etc. All technical specifications fully satisfied the level of national standard.

经过多年的努力，公司的产品经历了由单一品种到多元化、配套化、系列化的发展过程，现有七氟丙烷（HFC-227ea）自动灭火系统、高压二氧化碳自动灭火系统、三氟甲烷(HFC-23)自动灭火系统、混合气体IG-541自动灭火系统、泡沫灭火系统、灭火器、水消防系统、特级无机复合防火卷帘、复合型钢质防火卷帘、防火阀、排烟防火阀、低噪声柜式离心消防风机、轴流式消防排烟风机等产品，所有产品各项技术指标完全达到国家标准。

Moreover, for the treelike system with prescribed motion and the non-treelike system with closed-loop, the generalized coordinates aren't independent completely. Only the dynamical equations of the system and the constrain equations resulting from the prescribed motion and the closed-loop are combined to form DAEs, it can be solved.

另外，对于有指定运动的树系统或带有闭环的非树系统，系统的广义坐标是不完全独立的，系统的动力学方程要与指定运动或系统切断所附加的约束方程一起组成微分--代数方程组才能求解。

However, there is little discussion on reliability evaluation of nonworking redundant systems such as cold and warm stand-by systems in literature, especially there is no discussion in case of medium and small sample size.

本文结合总装备部九五预研重点课题《小子样系统可靠性综合方法研究》和我国工程实际，较系统地研究了常见各种贮备系统的可靠性评估问题，包括冷备和温备两种贮备类型，指数型和Weibull型两类部件，完全可靠、成败型和指数型三种开关，以及定数、定时、和定总时截尾三种指数型试验数据。对上述各种常见情况下的贮备系统，分别给出系统可靠度函数及其点估计，并用WCF方法导出了可靠度置信下限。

This is the first step in a full authentication system, and further, a full Unixish system devoid of setuid binaries/scripts.

这是一个完全验证系统的第一步尝试，更深一层说，一个完全的没有setuid二进位/脚本Unix化系统。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cashsystem with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile commerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

This thesis firstly analyzed related theories on independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises; secondly described the status quo and developing trend of independent innovation of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises in China; thirdly determined objectives and characteristics of independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, put forward three ways for independent innovation of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, they are direct way of wholly independent innovation, outflanking ways based on cooperation innovation and imitation innovation; fourthly made "structure-function" analysis for independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, clarify system operation mechanism; finally this thesis used the theory and method of System Dynamics modeling for independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises.

论文首先对民营科技企业自主创新系统相关理论进行研究；接着描述了我国民营科技企业自主创新现状与发展趋势；然后确定了民营科技企业自主创新系统的目标、特点，将民营科技企业自主创新的实现途径分为完全自主创新的直接途径和基于合作创新和模仿创新的迂回途径；并对民营科技企业自主创新系统行&结构-功能&分析，阐明民营科技企业自主创新系统的运行机理；最后应用系统动力学的理论和方法对民营科技企业自主创新系统进行建模。

In view of these shortcomings, this frequency meter has made the radical innovation in the design, its merit is: Uses the core component is the advanced monolithic special-purpose frequency measurement component -- monolithic frequency meter, the integration rate is high, the volume is small, consumes the electricity province, function, has realized the frequency meter high integration and the microminiaturization; So long as the monolithic frequency meter adds on the crystal oscillator, the measuring range choice, the frequency demonstrated and so on the very few components then constitute DC to the 10MHz miniature basic frequency measurement electric circuit; But the biggest merit was this frequency meter has realized monolithic frequency meter, frequency sampling electric circuit and the monolithic microcomputer three between hardware and the software connection completely, caused the frequency measurement measuring range the choice, the frequency data survey, the sampling as well as the code frontier transformation and the data dump possible monolithic microcomputer software programming automatically to carry on, thus has realized the frequency measurement and the sampling work intellectualizes completely, causes this system already to be possible to constitute a miniature intelligence to measure rate the instrument core electric circuit independently, also might take in the large-scale automatic control or a test system intelligent subsystem.

针对这些缺点，本频率计在设计上作了根本的革新，其优点是：所用核心器件是先进的单片专用测频器件——单片频率计，集成度高，体积小，耗电省，功能强，实现了频率计的高度集成化和微型化；单片频率计只要加上晶振、量程选择、频率显示等很少量的器件即可构成一个DC至10MHz的微型基本测频电路；而最大的优点则是本频率计完全实现了单片频率计、频率采样与单片微机三者之间的硬件与软件接口，使得测频量程的选择、频率数据的测量、采样以及编码的边境转换和数据的转储均可能过单片微机的软件编程自动进行，从而实现了测频与采样工作的完全智能化，使得本系统既可独立构成一个微型智能测率仪器的核心电路，也可作为大型自动控制或测试系统中的一个智能子系统。

Through the Laplace and Z transformations, it represents the varying features of electromechanical disturbance in a uniform chain network using the family of Bessel functions; the growing or attenuating laws are the same as that of electromechanical wave in a continuum model along the corresponding transmission media. Furthermore, the time of electromechanical disturbance arriving at any bus in the discrete model is also the same as that of electromechanical wave arriving at the corresponding bus in the continuum model.

通过Laplace和Z联合变换，用Bessel函数表示出机电扰动在均匀离散系统中的变化特征，得出扰动的增衰规律与连续体模型中机电波的增衰规律完全相同，而且离散系统中扰动传播到每一条母线所需要的时间与连续体模型中机电波传播到相应母线所需时间也完全相等。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。