学者的

Some scholars think that the speed of urbanization is too rapid.But some scholars put forward the counterview and attribute the negative effects to the extensive urban growth mode.

一些学者认为当前城市化速度过快，呈现冒进态势；也有学者认为城市化速度并非过快，只是城市粗放型增长带来了严重的负面效应。

The regional economic growth has always been the central part in the studies of the economist and economic geographer.

区域经济增长一直是经济学者和经济地理学者研究的核心问题。

For example, tax competition is divided into vertical tax competition, horizontal tax competition and a detailed analysis of its inner structure and revealed other ways of classification.

国外学者对政府间税收竞争作了广义、中义和狭义的区分，而国内学者也对此进行了研究，形成了"目的论"和"手段论"两种界定。

This paper has proposed the following explanation for this topic based on Social Couplings by Maturana, a cognitive biology scholar, organic view by Cooley, a symbolic interactionist , and model of a system in equilibrium by Argyle, a social psychologist:(1) the interaction is an act sequence of "hint-choice";(2) All the teacher and students in mathematics classroom have contributed to the formation and modification of consensual domain;(3) consensual domain in mathematics classroom is not an independent reality;(4) teacher and students' perception to consensual domain in mathematics classroom shall guide their behavior;(5) The coupling standard of consensual domain is not fixed for all observers;(6) the effect of mathematics enculturation should be reinterpreted.

本文整合认知生物学学者Maturana的社会耦合理论、符号互动论学者Cooley的有机观，以及社会心理学者Argyle的均衡系统模型，对共识域之本质与功能提出下列解释作为回应：(1)数学教室内的互动是一「暗示—选择」的行为序列；(2)师生皆对数学教室系统共识域之成型与改变有所贡献；(3)数学教室系统内的共识域并非独立於观察者之客观实在；(4)师生个体对数学教室系统共识域的知觉会指引师生的个体行为；(5)观察者描述数学教室共识域的耦合标准有狭义与广义之分；(6)数学文化传承的必然性应予重新解读。

There were a number of exch a nges between Birmingh a m a nd It a ly, resulting in work on It a li a n leftism , a nd theories of postmodernism.

1970年代文化研究领域开启了之后，英国学者与美国学者之间发展出不太一样的文化研究路线。

with the focus on the rivalry between idea and writing technique in eileen chang studies,this thesis studies chang's feminist writings so as to probe into the divergence between scholars home and abroad upon the relationship between idea and technique: most scholars in mainland pay much attention to idea and tend to incorporate chang's inferior position of the "second sex" as a supplement into the feminist literary tradition of chinese new literature;besides emphasizing technique,overseas chinese scholars associate technique with idea by interpreting chang's feminist writings as subversive acts to undermine chinese androcentric literary tradition.

着眼于张爱玲研究中的意识与技巧之争，从张爱玲的女性写作切入，探讨海内外学者在意识与技巧关系问题上的差异：大陆学者多是就意识而谈意识，将张爱玲甘于&第二性&弱者的女性立场，以&补充&的姿态&纳入&中国新文学女性文学传统；海外华人学者在重视技巧的同时，将技巧联系意识，借张爱玲的女性写作技巧对中国男性主流文学传统进行破坏和颠覆。

The studies exploring the relationship between HPV infection and laryngealcarcinoma began in 1980s,since then,almost all the research was aimed at theinvestigation of the HPV prevalence in the biopsies,due to differences in thechoice of DNA detection method,cell sampling and the geogen,the prevalenceestimates of HPV have varied accordingly,and led to two different points about therelationship between HPV infection and laryngeal carcinoma:some researchersdemonstrated that a higher HPV prevalence could be found in laryngeal carcinomas(from 50% to 90%)than in benign laryngeal lesions,suggesting a relationshipbetween HPV infection and laryngeal carcinoma;but the other researchers foundthat the isolation of HPV is no greater in the laryngeal cancers(from 5% to 43.3%)than in the normal larynx or benign laryngeal lesions,thereby questioning itsctiological significance,so,the role of HPV in the development of laryngealcarcinomas still remains unclear.

有关HPV与喉癌的研究始于80年代，但20多年来研究模式始终停留在对临床标本进行检测的水平上，由于各家采用的检测手段敏感性不同、标本数量以及来源地域也存在差异，使各家学者对喉癌中HPV阳性率的报道极不一致，并由此导致了两种截然不同的观点：一部分学者报告的喉癌标本中HPV阳性率高达50%~90%，并显著高于喉良性肿瘤，认为HPV与喉癌有关；而另有不少学者检测的样本中，阳性率（5%~43.3%）并不比正常喉粘膜及良性肿瘤高，认为HPV与喉癌无关，因此，HPV到底是不是喉癌的致癌因素目前仍无定论。

A person who catechizes, especially one who instructs catechumens in preparation for admission into a Christian church.

问答式教学者问答式教学者，尤指教导准备进入基督教会的新信徒

Volta that Galvani said animal electricity is non-existent.

其实，早在1752年，有一位意大利学者就有过伏打类似的经历。这位学者名叫祖尔策。

These pundits, especially in the United States, of course, hoped that this would not be true.

这些学者，特别是美国的那些学者，当然不希望这是真的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。