学科

So far, the school has been in economics, management, etc. 2-disciplinary group is senior academic titles at the provincial level appraisal and Mechanical Engineering, Chinese Language and Literature, ideological and political education, mathematics, chemistry, and other 5-disciplinary group senior vice-provincial title Review of the right disciplines.

到目前为止，学校已获得经济学、管理学等2个学科组正高级职称省级学科评议权和机械工程、汉语言文学、思想政治教育、数学、化学等5个学科组副高级职称省级学科评议权。

We can consider that the discipline nature of educational economics, which is a subject on researching educational problem by using economic methods, is a department economics or a subdiscipline economics, because of its coming into being in economics and the history, present situation and accepted perspectives about the educational economics\' disciplinary nature, although there are still many different perspectives.

对于教育经济学这样一门年轻的学科来说，进行方法论研究，不仅有利于促进学科的规范和成熟，是学科建设的必然要求，更重要的意义在于促使其发展成为一门真正的交叉学科。

Researching of educational economics methodology, which is a young subject, not only is beneficial for promoting the mature and criterional development of the subject, and is the necessary requirement of discipline construction, but also is very important to promote the subject to becoming a real interdisciplinarity.

对于教育经济学这样一门年轻的学科来说，进行方法论研究，不仅有利于促进学科的规范和成熟，是学科建设的必然要求，更重要的意义在于促使其发展成为一门真正的交叉学科。

Any mature theory system or discipline has its study method fitting for its disciplinal feature and content, as the basic means and tool of the theory and discipline study.

任何一个成熟的理论体系或学科都有与其学科性质和学科内容相适应的研究方法，以作为该理论和学科研究的基本手段和工具。

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the basic difficulties of total claims and the problems of unit science by the example of economics. It holds that we must both respect the disciplinal knowledge and break the limits of disciplinal thinking, and advocate one kind of post-disciplinal thinking that maintains both disciplinal knowledge with strict limits and exterior critiques.

本文的目标在于阐明总体性声称的基本困难，并以&经济学帝国主义&之例指出&统一科学&的问题，强调必须同时尊重学科知识有效性和超越学科思维的禁锢从而维持人文研究的批判和自我批判向度，并在此基础上主张具有严格边界的学科知识发展与外部批判共举的&后学科思维&。

Therefore, it is necessary to develop independent subject paradigm of informatics by stratifying its research layers. selecting methodology of subject study. constructing disciplinary theoretical frame and fostering specific disciplinary culture.

因此，有必要通过分解情报学的研究层次，选择学科研究方法论，构建学科理论结构框架，培植特定的学科文化等方式，最终形成独立的情报学学科范式。

Based on experience of other hospitals on clinical subject evaluation , and index system was upbuilt,in order to strengthen the clinical discipline construction of hospital and enhance the level of therapy,which was not only fit for our hospital but also propitious to ubiquity.This system including politics,research team,medical treatment,teaching,scientific research and so on.

为了进一步加强临床学科的建设、提高专科特色水平，在参考其他大医院学科评估经验做法的基础上，结合自身特点，建立了一套既适合医院实际、又能与全国接轨的临床学科评估指标体系，内容包括思想政治、人才梯队、医疗工作、教学工作以及科研工作，囊括了学科整体建设的各个方面。

In this study we have constructed the system using the methods including systemic analysis, brain storm and specialist consulting, etc on the basis of mastering the relative theories and methods and realizing the condition of key subject construction in military clinical medical colleges in PLA by reviewing the relative articles and archives and performing field surveys. Then we have applied the system to the evaluation of the construction of the fifteen key subjects in Changhai hospital, the First Military Clinical Medical College of the Second Military Medical University to test the properties of the system. We have employed several methods such as the Sum-Weighted and Rank-Sum Ratio to analyze the data and draw the conclusion of the evaluation.

本研究通过查阅文献资料，进行实地调研，在掌握重点学科建设及其评价的相关理论和研究方法，了解目前我军军队临床医学院重点学科建设基本情况的基础上，以现代管理系统理论为指导，综合运用系统分析法、头脑风暴法、专家咨询法、赋值统计迭代法等方法构建了军队临床医学院重点学科建设评价指标体系；并以该指标体系对第二军医大学附属第一临床医学院长海医院15个重点学科的建设情况进行实测，运用加权求和法、秩和比法等不同方法进行综合评价，分析评价结果，构建评判模型。

The principle new development of modern irrigation engineering.

灌溉原理与技术》是农业水土工程学科中一门理论与技术兼备的专业课程，主要讲授现代科学灌溉理论的生理学和物理学基础，作物需水量计算理论与方法，非充分灌溉的科学依据与研究进展，现代灌溉方法的原理与研究进展，旨在使学生掌握现代灌溉学科的基本理论，了解本学科的关键技术、发展趋势与存在的问题，掌握相应的工程技术，培养学生建立现代灌溉的新观念和新理念，在理论和实践上奠定学生深入研究灌溉学科中的有关理论和技术的创新能力基础。

In discussing the "paradigmatic period,"(since 1980) the author addresses the four necessary conditions for formalizing a paradigm:(1)the common community of researchers of science education must be founded;(2)the academic journal for exchanging findings of research must be set up;(3)those who conduct researches in the field must be conscious of and make efforts to the theory-building; and (4)disciplines relevant to science education are to provide it with theoretical resources for its development.

在论述科学教育学&范式&确立时期(1980年以后)时，笔者阐述了科学教育学范式的建立必须具备的四个条件：(1)必须形成科学教育研究的共同体；(2)必须创办本学科的学术期刊，供研究人员交流研究成果；(3)必须对学科自身的理论建设有自主意识和自觉的努力；(4)必须有相关的理论学科和其他相邻的学科为科学教育学的发展提供理论资源。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。