学样

Abstract］ objective to study the pathological features and histopathological type and differential diagnosis of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia.methods the clinicopathological characteristics of 40 cases of fnh were studied.all were evaluted by use of paraffin embedded sections and he staining before light microcope observation.results there were 28 females and 12 males fnh patients whose age were from 16 to 62 years（median 41.3）,all alpha-fetoprotein was negative and had no hepatitis history.25 cases were classic type showed characteristic central stellate fibrotic scar,composed of fibrous connestive tissue and tortuous blood vessels.8 cases were telangiectic type,the left were mixed type and adenomatoid type.conclusion fnh is a reactive proliferation of hepatic cells to local blood vessel anomalies,it is not realy a tumor.its differential diagnosis includes hepatic adenomatous hyperplasia nodule,hepatic anaplasia nodular hyperplasia,fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma.

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节性增生的病理形态特点、组织分型及鉴别诊断。方法分析40例肝局灶性结节性增生的临床资料，并采用石蜡包埋he染色光镜下观察其组织学特点。结果 40例肝局灶性结节性增生患者中，女28例，男12例，年龄18~62岁，平均年龄41.3岁，所有病例术前均无肝炎病史，甲胎蛋白阴性，组织学上25例为经典型，有特征性的中央纤维瘢痕，由纤维结缔组织及扭曲血管组成。8例为毛细血管扩张型，其余为混合型及腺瘤样增生型。结论肝结节性增生是一种肝细胞对局部血管的异常反应性增生，并非真性肿瘤，主要与肝腺瘤样增生性结节、肝间变性结节状增生、肝纤维板层癌及肝细胞腺瘤鉴别。

The penetration experiment not only indicates a quantitative method to evaluate the homogeneity or anisotropism of a soil sample, but also supplies a completely new method for us to deeply understand the modification mechanism and effect of soils, moisture migration in soil, contaminant dispersion and failure mechanism of soil.

贯入试验还从能量学的角度给出了一种评价土样均质性和各向异性的定量方法；此外，贯入试验还为我们深入了解土质改良机理和效果、土中水分迁移、污染物的弥散以及土样的破坏机理等提供了一种全新的方法。

When it is crashed to -3 mm and is mixed uniformly it will become the sample for multi-elements analysis raw ore screening and elutriation raw ore mineralogy research and gravity concentration test.

试验矿样取自选矿生产现场，经破碎至-3毫米，均匀混样后作为本次试验的多元素分析样品、原矿筛分及水析样品、原矿矿物学研究样品和重选试验样品。

Our findings demonstrate that in conjunction with clinical and radiographic findings, immunohistochemical evaluation with a panel of D2-40, EMA, brachyury, and GFAP is most useful in distinguishing chordoid meningioma from chordoid glioma, skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, chordoma, low-grade chondrosarcoma, and enchondroma. A lack of strong, diffuse S100 reactivity may also be useful in excluding chordoid meningioma.

我们的结果表明，结合临床和影像学资料，D2-40、EMA、brachyury和GFAP这样一个免疫标记组合就能很好地鉴别脊索样脑膜瘤和脊索样胶质瘤、骨的黏液样软骨肉瘤、骨外的黏液样软骨肉瘤、脊索瘤、低级别软骨肉瘤、内生性软骨瘤。S100染色不强烈、不弥漫也有助于排除脊索样脑膜瘤的诊断。

Cognition disturbance and allolalia were the chief clinical manifestations. The imageology showed that the impairment involved occipital lobe and temporal lobe most. 17 cases presented red-ragged-fibres and parking lot-like ultrastructure in 3 cases. Brain biopsy showed layerage structure. There were 15 of them carried mtDNA A3243G mutation. Conclusions MELAS Syndrome usually involved central nerve system and skeletal muscle.

主要临床表现为认知功能障碍及言语障碍，头颅影像学检查示枕叶、颞叶脑回受累为主。18例行肌肉病理检查显示17例存在破碎样红纤维，3例行肌肉电镜检查发现线粒体堆积呈停车场样排列，3例脑活检示病变皮层组织呈分层样改变，15例发现mtDNA A3243G点突变。

Results:The tumor was divided into two histologic subtypes:biphasic type(4 cases) and monophasic type(1 case).

结果 ：组织学检查分为双相性SRCC 4例，由癌和肉瘤样成分组成；单相性 1例，由差分化的肉瘤样梭形细胞、单核细胞与破骨细胞样多核巨细胞组成。

Objectives In order to investigate how does King's Brain pill work or mechanism of King's Brain pill effective in treating AD clinically, we observed effects of extract of King's Brain on neuronal and vascular lesions induced by Aβ combining with praxiology and neuropathology.

目的 运用现代分子神经病理学和行为学技术，围绕炎症假说、淀粉样蛋白瀑布流假说，以神经元和脑血管为保护目标，着眼于AD的关键病理机制Aβ（β淀粉样蛋白沉积和淀粉样血管病变）及其代谢，开展中药补肾活血化痰复方制剂金思维对损伤的神经元和血管的保护作用机理研究，从而探讨其防治老年性痴呆的机理。

Histologically, there were two patterns: purely epithelioid types (5 cases), among there were 2 cases consist of anglion cell or rhabdoid phenothype, mixed types with areas of spindle cells (4 cases).

深在型8例，浅在型1例，组织学，纯上皮样型5例，其中2例见节细胞样或横纹肌样瘤样区域，4例混合型伴有梭形细胞区。

These 375 patients had a median age of 50.57±10.46(range,19-72) with 87.4%HBsAg positive and 4.3%anti-HCV antibody positive;The apparent peak incidence age was 40～60 years old,and the ratio of male to female was 10.7:1;The 3 and 5 year postoperational survival rate were 52%and 38%;The tumour numbers(p=0.000),tumor size(p=0.025),histological pattern (p=0.000),nuclear features(p=0.000),differentiation(p=0.001) and vascular invasion(p=0.000) were significantly correlated with prognosis.The postoperational survival time of thin trabeculae pattern,compact pattern and pseudoglandular pattern were significantly longer than that of thick trabeculae, scirrhous pattern,and solid patternp＜0.009the postoperational survival time of 1 and 2 grade based on nuclear features were significantly longer than that of 3 and 4 grades(p=0.000The small cell variant,osteoclast-like giant cell variant, and spindle cell variant were mainly composed of thick trabeculae pattern and solid pattern,which were significantly different from that of clear cell variant.

结果1。本组资料显示肝细胞癌发病年龄19～72岁，平均50.57±10.46岁，发病高峰年龄40～60岁，男女比例为10.7：1；HBsAg87.4%，anti-HCV抗体4.3%；术后3年生存率为52%，5年生存率为38%；肿瘤数目(p=0.000)、肿瘤大小(p=0.025)、组织学结构类型(p=0.000)、核分级(p=0.000)、分化程度(p=0.001)及血管浸润均(p=0.000)与预后明显相关；其中组织学结构类型中细梁状型生存时间与致密梁状型和腺样型无明显区别(p＞0.05)而明显高于粗梁状型、实性型和硬化型(p≤0.009)，硬化型生存时间与实性型之间无明显区(p＞0.05)而明显低于其余各型p≤0.006核分级1级与2级生存时间无明显区别(p＞0.05，核分级3级与4级生存时间无明显区别(p＞0.05)，而核分级3级生存时间明显低于2p=0.000小细胞型、巨细胞型和梭形细胞型主要由实性型和粗梁状型组织学结构类型构成，明显不同于透明细胞型(主要由细梁状型和粗梁状型构成(p≤1.006)。2。

The following steps were taken:(1) design of a grading system model;(2) determination of proportions of histologic grades by naked-eye evaluation and by digital measurement;(3) evaluation of metastasis according to proportions of grades;(4) determination of the influence of site of grade 3 in nodal metastasis;(5) design of a Gleason-like scoring system; and (6) statistical evaluation.

接着，我们进行了以下步骤：（1）设计好我们的分级系统；（2）肉眼和计算机软件分别评估确定各级组织学图像所占比例；（3）根据各级组织学图像所占比例来评估淋巴结转移情况；（4）得出3级组织学图像在瘤组织不同区域对淋巴结转移的影响；（5）设计出Gleason样的评分分级系统；（6）统计分析。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。