学术研究者

The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

在学术过程上的观念也非常清晰和坚定：研究者是如何探究历史问题的，他们是如何展示他们的发现并归纳成文档的，有什么令人信服的足够的证据。

Lévi-Strauss's intellectual career was to be that of a synthesiser and analyst of previously accumulated material. Although he claimed that his experience of fieldwork was sufficient to enable him to judge the quality of the data compiled by other researchers, it has also been argued that he was consequently untroubled by the complexities experienced in getting to grip with alien cultures, and thus inclined to simplification.

Lévi-Strauss的学术职责是综合、分析先前积累的材料，尽管他声称以他的野外考察的经验足以使他判断其他研究者搜集来的数据的质量，但是他这种由需要掌握外国文化的复杂的经历和因此倾向于简单处理所带来的自然而然的无所顾虑常受到质疑。

In the 1970s,influenced by the feminis t movement,the new social history,post-modernism and other academic t rends,researchers focussed their a ttention on the study of theshe historyand crowned it with quick success.

美国西部妇女史近半个世纪的探索与妇女研究发展轨迹相当。70年代受女性主义运动及新社会史、后现代主义等学术思潮的影响，研究者们致力于&她史&，使得该研究得到了迅速的发展。80年代以后，女性研究的焦点转入社会性别理论，西部妇女史的研究中也广泛采用这一分析范畴，同时强调西部妇女多元文化的历史背景。90年代以来，随着理论的不断深化和史料的丰富，该研究从微观上强调西部妇女的族裔、文化、阶级、职业等的差异，从宏观上强调全新意义上的&两性史&，即要求在一个新的历史基准体系之下对各种妇女群体作出价值评估，并将妇女的历史编入西部历史之中。

Two Mandarin PhD defenses held in the Architecture Department at a national university in Taiwan were video-taped. Together with the other two English defenses (one in the Department of Music and the other in Social Psychology) adopted from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English, a discourse analysis of these four PhD defenses was conducted.

比起其他学术口语的文体，搜集论文口试的过程更加困难许多，不过，本研究者有幸在指导教授的协助之下，得以幸运地参与并摄影下两场台湾国立大学建筑研究所博士生论文口试过程。

Next, based on the investigator's research concerns, academic background and personal life story, the paper develops a cultural frame for narrative writing and inquiry, based on three guiding principles: narrative excellence, personal narratives within sociological imagination, and trouble issues as the core of narrative inquiry.

而后我以叙事形式交代研究者的研究关怀、学术训练和个人生命故事所形成的文化视框，并确立以「叙事优位」、「将个人叙事置身於社会学想像中」和「以难题为叙事探究的轴心」做为故事叙写和探究的原则。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。