学术研究

To"avoid overgeneralization"as promoted by Culler, we explore his critical ideas in terms of both form (referring to the pivotal anchoring points and its characteristics of Culler's literary studies and criticism) and content (his three transformations in thinking and keyword studies).

本论文从卡勒思想史这个角度出发，遵循卡勒所提倡的"避免过度简化"的原则，从形式层面(基本学术思路、文学研究特色)、实体层面(三次转型思考、关键词溯源研究)这两个层面来立体把握其学术思想，并勾勒其在文学思想史的地位。

The premise of medical research is to follow law of nature ,regress with science ,establish mates'discussion system and to furbish scholastic honesty and integrity.

遵循科学研究的自然规律，让学术回归学术，建立同行评议制度，恢复学者的诚信，是临床医学研究创新发展的前提。

This article consists of four parts: In the first part of thesis introduced Heisenberg's early years of life and the creation of Matrix mechanics, expounded Münich、G?ttingen,Copenhagen, three places different academic atmosphere which produce to Heisenberg's institute of physics, and revealed how to set up Matrix mechanics by mathematics method; The second part introduce Schr?dinger's university life, the research results, and the establishment of Wave mechanics. The different academic atmosphere of Vienna and Zürich have the difference influence which brings to Schr?dinger's research work, how to establishment the Schr?dinger equation based on Hamilton equation of classical mechanics, and elaborated the physical controversy caused by the equivalent.; The third part analyzed two mechanics different approaches in which the way to propose the question and solve the question; The last part recommend the different philosophy interpretations, Schr?dinger's interpretation onΨfunction, the statistical interpretation of Wave mechanics, uncertainty principle, and which caused this free discussion of quantum mechanics.

文章共分为四部分：第一部分介绍了海森伯的早年生活及其创立矩阵力学的过程，阐明了慕尼黑、哥廷根、哥本哈根三地不同的学术氛围对海森伯的物理研究所产生的不同作用，并揭示了海森伯如何用数学方法建立矩阵力学方程的过程；第二部分介绍了薛定谔的大学生活、研究成果，以及波动力学的创立过程，说明了维也纳和苏黎世不同的学术气氛给薛定谔的研究工作带来的不同影响，解释了薛定谔以经典哈密顿方程为基础建立薛定谔方程的过程，并阐述了等价性所引起的物理争论；第三部分分析了两种力学的思想进路在提出问题、解决问题上的不同；最后一部分介绍了对两种力学形式不同的哲学诠释，薛定谔对Ψ函数的诠释、波函数的统计解释和测不准原理，以及由此引起的量子力学的大讨论。

Researched the insect of Orthoptera for many years, published more than 70 academic articles in the domestic and international periodicals and 7 academic works (including 2 monographs).

主要研究方向为：昆虫分类学、昆虫生态学、资源昆虫学、农林害虫及其防治；多年来主要以直翅目昆虫作为主要的研究类群，在国内外各种期刊杂志上发表学术论文70余篇，出版学术著作7部（专著2部）。

Some problems influence the smoothly development of Penology science,such as the lack of subjective consciousness,the narrowness of academic vision,the monotony of research method,and the lack of academic norm,etc.The rundamental cause of these problems is the closeness of Penology research.

主体意识匮乏、学术视野狭窄、研究方法单调、学术规范欠缺等问题，是束缚监狱学发展的突出问题，而这些问题的根本症结在于监狱学研究的封闭性。

In the next three chapters, the author makes the specific study nonacademic transition of Late Qing Dynasty from three points of view. They are the status and function of "Zhu Mu Da Wen" in that period, the significance and value of the change from Shuyuan to Xuetang, and the emergence of the copyright and modern intellectual in China.

在接下来的三章中，作者选择了三个视角来对晚清学术转型问题进行具体的研究，这三个问题是：《书目答问》在近代学术转型过程中的地位和作用，书院改学堂对于晚清学术转型的意义和价值，版权问题与现代知识分子的兴起。

Since hwang we see not hard, the processing of academic misconducts and abroad with obvious characteristics, that is, the academic misconducts and academic credentials as a matter of reputation and research institutions, investigation by professional institutions.

从黄禹锡事件中我们不难看出，国外对学术造假的处理带有很明显的特点，那就是把学术造假当作事关学术声誉和所在研究机构声誉的大事，由专业机构进行调查处理。

It manifests an academic trend in reinvestigating the history of Chinese fictions since 20st century, with the possibility of forming different views on the development of Chinese fictions by rethinking and sorting out the reality of modern Chinese literature.

中国小说的现代嬗变与类型生成，是一个学术幅面较宽、学术蕴涵较为复杂的研究课题，体现着对于20世纪以来的中国小说史进行重新探究的学术指向，有对现代中国文学实际进行考辨梳理并形成某种新的小说发展观的可能性。

Academician Xi's study on the history of Chinese scientific thought, his unscrambling of the Needham Puzzle, and his criticizing of Emperor Kangxi's science and technology policy, are finally observed, and it is pointed out that Academician Xi, the author of the Self-selected Works, should be taken as a real scholar, who will never be academically conservative along with his accumulation of academic achievements, his increased academic reputation, as well as his age growth.

最后评述了席泽宗对中国古代科学思想史的研究、对&李约瑟难题&的解读和对康熙科技政策的批评，认为席泽宗不因为学术成果的积累、学术名望的上升和年龄的增长而在学术上趋于保守，体现了一位真正学者的大家风范。

New Textual Criticism school also made important contribution to the differentiation and establishment of modern scientific categories.

新考据学派对现代学术门类的分化和建立也有重要的贡献，他们打破了传统&经史子集&的四部分类法，并参照西方现代学术分类方法，建立了现代语言学和历史学，并通过对哲学、伦理学、社会学等学科的学术史研究，对现代学术门类的建立做出了贡献。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。