学术研究

In the latest Research Assessment Exercise, 13 university departments were awarded grade 4 or 5 denoting research of international importance and demonstrating that Bangor is truly a world class institution.

在最近的英国国家研究评鉴中，有13个科系获得四分到五分的超高评价，象徵了它在国际学术研究领域中极重要的地位，也表示班格大学是一个真正的世界级学术研究机构。

Of,relating to,or engaged in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree.

博士后的博士学位后的学术研究的，与博士学位后的学术研究有关的或从事博士后研究的

In view of the continuity of academic research, this paper reviews the latest development in the studies of folk law in China in 2008 in terms of the ontology of folk law, the relation between folk law and state law, the various fields of folk law, the judicial application of folk law.

鉴于学术研究的连续性，2008年度中国民间法研究学术报告，继续在民间法的本体研究、民间法与国家法的关系研究、各类民间法研究、民间法司法运用研究等方面，对一年来中国民间法研究所取得的知识增量予以客观呈现。

The current dilemma of the current academic quality, academic ethics and academic research makes it impossible for critics to give and receive criticism with heartsease and therefore it is difficult for them to devote themselves to academic research.

一言以蔽之，在正常的学术批评日渐稀缺时，批评容易陷入"一捧就笑、一骂就跳"的困局；在当前的学术品质、学术道德和学术研究泥沙俱下之际，在重大课题的申报与重大利益挂钩时，当事人就很难心平气和地接受批评，当然也很难潜心做学问、搞研究。

Scholars should improve themselves with morality, be worthy of the name of teacher and be honest to write articles and do things. Strict disciplines should be made to protect knowledge property rights and respect others' labor and rights. The system should be set up and perfect about research, valuation and distinguishing, valuing, making known and prising the result. The ways to evaluate qualifications should be reformed and it should be strict to publish articles. The force of news madia to monitor, lead and expose should be strengthened.

学者要以德修身、为人师表，诚实撰文、守信处事；要建章立制、严明法度，树立法制观念，保护知识产权，尊重他人的劳动和权益；建立和完善科学规范的学术研究体制、学术评审制度及科研成果甄别、评价、公示与奖励机制；改革专业技术职务评聘制度和方法，严把学术论文发表关和学术专著出版关；加大新闻舆论媒体的监督、导向与揭露力度。

Then the difficult causations that customer use the literature of overseas Chinese are explored in Mainland China. Finally, two counterplots are advanced. First the signification that collecting and keeping the literature of overseas Chinese in the university library in mainland China should be popularized, such as special column may be instituted in International Academic Development journal.

并在探求其原因后提出了两条对策：其一，加强内地高校图书馆收藏海外华人文献意义的宣传，例如利用中华人民共和国教育部和华中科技大学主办的大型学术信息期刊《国际学术动态》进行宣传；其二，加强内地高校图书馆与海外的华人学术研究机构、华人文献研究中心的联系、交流与合作。

Based on international front and hotspot in atmospheric chemistry and aerosol study, considering domestic characteristics of atmospheric pollution, the laboratory has included main research areas below: atmospheric chemical reaction, aerosol chemistry, photochemical pollution, acid deposition chemistry, atmospheric brown cloud, emission characteristics and emission factors of PM and VOCs emitted from various sources, indoor air pollution and its control techniques, health effect of particulate matters, and so on.

研究室的主要研究方向始终瞄准国际大气化学和气溶胶研究和发展的前沿和热点，结合中国大气污染的自身特点，在大气化学反应、气溶胶化学、光化学污染、酸沉降化学、大气棕色云、各种污染源颗粒物和 VOCs 的排放特征和排放因子、室内空气污染及其控制、大气污染的人体健康效应等方面进行实验研究，在上述各方面得出具有国际先进水平的研究成果，建立国内领先和国际先进的学术研究和实验科学体系，确保研究室的学术地位和知名度，与国外相关的研究机构保持同步的发展态势并建立平等的交流机制。

On the one hand Ma indagates Yi language with the modern linguistic theory and method; on the other hand he combines the research on Yi's sutras and the background of Yi's social culture.

马学良一方面用现代语言学的理论与方法调查研究彝语，另一方面又把彝族典籍研究和彝族的社会文化背景结合起来，&经俗互释&，既为彝语语言学研究开辟了一条新的途径，也进一步确立了彝族研究学术的专门化和学术研究的自觉意识。

Also , a more practical style of study and attention on scholar research; research direction adjusted timely, research areas opened up unceasingly and much deeper content; theory and method research with innovation, fashion research interdisciplinary, flourish research with demonstration; the research troop expands unceasingly, high school becomes the main research force; more attention to scholar exchange, Chinese and foreign histories developing mutually.

认为，近些年来国内中国近代史研究的特点和发展趋向主要表现在：研究环境日趋宽松，学风更趋实际，更加注重学术研究；研究方向适时调整，领域不断拓展，内容不断深入；创新研究理论与方法，跨学科研究时尚，实证研究兴盛；研究队伍不断壮大，高校成为主要研究力量；注重学术交流，中外史学互动发展。

Students who have completed the required courses can have access to the choice of over thirty optional courses ranging from tool-using training, to interest extending studies and comprehensive researches. These courses are elaborately designed to extend the students' scope of knowledge in their preferred field and give chances for special-field teachers to teach. We run a Nankai Forum joined by specialists of science and humanities on a regular basis to refresh the academic air and stimulate the students to learn further and wider. We publish the school journal Nankai Teaching Research to help teaching and research. We hold lecture contests among teachers for academic exchange and improvement. We also arrange for students to edit publications, make investigations, and practise socially to create a special atmosphere of learning.

在各年级开齐开足必修课的基础上，学校每学期都开设既严谨又开放的基础工具、兴趣拓展、综合探究等类型的选修课30余门，让老师的专攻有用武之地，学生的个性爱好有拓展的空间；设立&南开讲坛&，定期请来在相关领域有知名度和学术水平的专家学者，科学传导和人文渗透并重，营造在科学观念指导下的文化环境，激发他们对学术殿堂的景仰和向往；定期编辑学术刊物《南开教研》，丰富学术研究的舞台；组织教师基本功优质课比赛，营造交流探讨、学术争论的氛围；组织学生编期刊、搞社会调查、进行社会实践等，建构南开特有的学术氛围。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。