学术上的

Academically challenging, they are designed to help you develop the skills and knowledge that employers demand.

学术上具有挑战性的，它们旨在帮助您开发的技能和知识。。。

A secondary or arcane field of study.

学术专业上的第二个领域的。

Comparing with most scholars prevail optimism, some scholars appeal to think in the deliberative way, and to explore deeply the relation of them. The theory of the relation between civil society and democratization is expanding and developing, but inevitably there are some shortcoming and weak point, for example, the arrogant of western centralist, the exist of restrict limiting and academic obstacles, the widening of conception and confuse of theory.

当代西方公民社会与民主化关系理论的总体态势在横向上日益拓宽领域，在纵向上也不断深化研究，但某种程度的偏执与狭隘却在所难免，如西方中心主义的傲慢、区域局限与学术壁垒的存在、概念的宽泛与理论的混乱等。

Doctors created many prescriptions effective in clinic in ancient time different formulas reflected the contriver 's academic style and theory .

医家所创制的名方体现其学术风格及理论，反映其在特定知识背景下，结合临床实际，对现有理论在不同层次上的发挥和创新。

Along with the Internet technology application and the development, the dispute which the encompassment network produces also more and more attracts attention, the hypothesized goods this emerging social phenomenon, in the academic circles and the judicial world to its legal attribute understanding existence difference, in the legislation also relatively is at the blank the vacuum state, then caused the law circle to be suitable, and in the academic viewpoint dispute in view of the hypothesized goods case law, in relief legal hysteresis quality.

随着互联网技术的应用和发展，围绕网络所产生的纠纷也越来越引人关注，虚拟物品这一新兴的社会现象，在学术界与司法界对其法律属性的认识存在分歧，立法上也相对处于空白的真空状态，进而导致了法律界针对虚拟物品个案的法律适用、与学术观点上的争议，凸现了法律的滞后性。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害"死者人格"的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的"名义上的精神损害"，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害&死者人格&的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的&名义上的精神损害&，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

This trend of Chinese literature is well-oriented because it did not restore the literary concept of combining writing and academic study into one in the Han Dynasty nor did it partially seek the sphere of rhetorical brilliance and prosodic beauty.

相对于唐代以前诸朝而言，唐代政治意义上的文学是一种综合了儒学、文辞、智略、品德诸因素的文化实体，它既肯定并要求文学的独特性，又强调并鼓励文学的政治性；它既没有回复到汉代的文章与学术合一的文学概念上，也没有走向片面地追求词采和声律的境地，是比较健康的。

Besides, new Textual Criticism was the fulfillment of nationalism, so it was accepted by most people in ideology.

新考据学&号称用科学方法来研究国学，被认为至少带有科学研究的性质，所以在学术上它得到了当时很多知识分子的欢迎，并且，&新考据学又是自清末以来日渐高涨的民族主义思潮的落实，所以在意识形态上它又得到了大多中国人的认可。

Ibid., p. 43 Thus, the creation of the Wei and Jin metaphysics as a science of ontology in the history of Chinese philosophy, the academic nature and status.

同上书，第43 页由此确立了魏晋玄学作为一种本体之学在中国哲学史上的学术性质和地位。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了