学

As semiotics as a discipline is more foundational in nature than linguistics logic and philosophy,the trichotomy in semiotics has produced a definitive influence on the developments of other three fields in the West during the 20th century.

语形学、语义学和语用学原本是符号学的分类法，由于符号学是比语言学、逻辑学和哲学更基本的学科平台，符号学的三分法对20世纪西方语言学、逻辑学和哲学的发展产生了根本性的影响。

It has been for a long time since Cesare Lombroso launched the modern criminology, in the field of traditional criminology and victimology were extremely lacking of the viewpoint of female. Not only most of criminologists and victimologists are male but also most of the practitioners in the criminal justice system are male. For these reasons, all criminological and victimological theories are male-center.

自龙布罗梭闻创了现代犯罪学以还，传统的犯罪学与被害者学，即是缺乏女性观点的，因为，不但是犯罪学家与被害者学家多半是男性，连刑事司法界的从业人员也多半是男性，由於如此，犯罪学与被害者学理论是以男性为中心出发的。

During the construction of Chinese hermeneutics, we have to consult Western hermeneutic theories as academic references. Besides, a sufficient understanding and employment of subjects developed during the history of Chinese studies of interpretation, such as the annotative study of Zhang Ju, Xun Gu (text-based semantics), textology and bibliography, is necessary to construct hermeneutic theories based on the interpretation tradition of China.

在中国诠释学的创建过程中，我们一方面要借鉴西方诠释学的理论，以其作为学术参照，另一方面要从中国诠释传统的实际出发，对于在中国诠释历史中所形成的章句之学、训诂学、考据学、目录学等学科有充分的认识和使用，从而创建出立足于中国诠释传统的诠释学理论。

Abstracts of Entomology provides the most extensive references to entomological studies from nearly 5,500 international serial publications derived from the BIOSIS Previews database on agronomy, integrated pest management, biochemistry, parasitology, economic entomology, suburban entomology, genetics, and systematics.

该数据库收录了5，500多种国际期刊昆虫学方面的文摘信息，内容涵盖农学、病害综合治理、生物化学、寄生虫学，经济昆虫学、城郊昆虫学、遗传学和系统学等学科。

Among other things,"spiritualism paradigm"answers the value of entrepreneurship and is"inevitable explanation"to entrepreneurship education."Epistemology structure"and"spiritualism paradigm"together with"ethological requirement"jointly provide the necessary knowledge required by entrepreneurs and is"solid insight"of entrepreneurship education. The engagement of"ethological requirement"and"spiritualism paradigm"provides"reasonable pursuits"for the realization of entrepreneurs'dreams.

其中，&精神学范式&解答了创业者的价值问题，是对创业教育&必然的解读&；&知识论结构&与&精神学范式&和&行为学要求&一起，共同提供了创业者所需的各种知识，是创业教育&实然的领悟&；&行为学要求&与&精神学范式&的有机结合，又为创业者的理想实现提供了&应然的追求&。

During the establishing and developing stages of new Chinese criminal law, the research on criminal law phil osophy made some progress on the detailed issues and methodology of criminal law science, which built the base for the development of new Chinese criminal law a nd criminal law philosophy.

在发轫、初创期完成刑事律学向近现代刑法学转变的同时，奠基于一定刑法学研究成果之上，以思辨之方式探寻刑法之本原的刑法哲学研究也开始萌生；在转型时期的中国刑法学发展中，刑法学理论和实践也发生了彻底的转型，以马克思主义哲学为指导的中国刑法哲学获得了新的启示，取得了一定的成果。

In order to provide an overall understanding on the basic theory and previous researches of wood chemical rheology, the author discusses some respects on the basis of the common knowledge of deformation and flow, which served as the foundation of wood chemical rheology. These respects include the results by Stein and Tobolsky, such as the correlation between the change of polymolecular structure and stress relaxation, the classification of physical rheology and chemical rheology, the difference between the research on wood chemical rheology and other methods, as well as a kind of non\|continuous method to measure stress relaxation proposed by Tobolsky \%et al.

为了使国内木材科学界对木材的化学流变学的基础理论及其研究概况有一个比较全面的了解，作者在归纳了作为建立木材的化学流变学基础的、关于变形和流动一般理论的基础上，就Stein 和Tobolsky基于高分子构造变化与应力松弛之间的对应关系，关于物理流变学和化学流变学的分类，化学流变学研究与其他方法的不同之处，Tobolsky等关于不连续应力松弛测定方法等内容做了比较详细系统的介绍。

It was when she was studying, and he had helped her a lot with the anatomy and things she had had to learn. He'd been a clever boy, had a scholarship for Sheffield Grammar School, and learned French and things: and then after all had become an overhead blacksmith shoeing horses, because he was fond of horses, he said: but really because he was frightened to go out and face the world, only he'd never admit it.

她还在研究着护学，他曾大大地帮助过她研究关于解副学和其他应学的东西，那是个聪慧的孩子，他得过雪非尔德公学的奖学拿，学过法文和其他的东西，以后终竟成了个蹄铁匠，他说那是因炮喜欢马的缘故，其实那是因为他不敢与世触，不过他永不承认罢了。

From its origin, Going out of Jinggong Xinxue has questioned the bio-osmosis between the New School and the Wang School, but has the problem of dissevering the New School from the Wang School because of its emphasis on authority form too much.

从发生学的角度，《走出&荆公新学&》较早地对学界&新学&、&王学&互指现象提出质疑，但也存在偏重官学形式而将两者割裂的问题。

In this context, the research and instruction of mathematics—which, as established by Christophorus Clavius, teacher of Matteo Ricci, included geography and cartography—constituted a process of spiritual elevation, a journey toward salvation.

在耶稣会士于1551年建立的罗马学院中，来自整个欧洲的学生除了学习神学以外，还接受着高强度的学术培训，学习修辞学、记忆法、哲学，以及数学，包括算术、几何、透视、宇宙学、地球体学、天文制表、天体观测学（后四者可称作 sphaera ），还要学习计时学、音乐、力学、水文地理学和建筑学。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷