孢子外壁

By the support of the present project, 3 articles have been published, 4 articles have been submitted to Grana and Acta Botanica Yunnanica etc and some papers is in preparing.

结果表明：蕨类植物孢子外壁和周壁来源于孢子囊内层绒毡层细胞；孢子表面纹饰有的种类由外壁形成，有的种类是由周壁形成；孢子纹饰是在四分孢子形成后迅速形成的，形成的时间很短并比较稳定。

In type Ⅱ, the surface ornamentation is formed by both perispore and exospore.

孢子钝三角形，三裂缝；周壁较薄，由周壁和外壁共同形成表面轮廓，表面具疣状或颗粒状纹饰。

In type Ⅰ, the exospore is smooth and the surface ornamentation, which is reticulate, cristate, echinate or rugate, is formed by the perispore.

结果表明，该科植物的孢子可分为3种类型：（1）孢子球形，三裂缝；周壁较厚，疏松地包在孢子之外；外壁光滑，表面纹饰由周壁形成，呈网状、嵴状、刺状或皱状。

After the early uninucleate stage, nearly all of Peiai 64S microspores possessed malfunctional exine that was deviod of electron transparent region between sexine and nexine, and no intine was established.

早期小孢子形成之后，几乎所有小孢子外壁均发育异常，表层与里层之间界限不清，缺少中间透明带，同时内壁没有形成。

The main results were as follows:①The genomic DNA extraction method from TCK/TCT teliospore was established, which include cell wall lysis of teliospore by alkali solution, destroying teliospore cell wall for releasing nucleic acid from cytoplasma membrain and elimination of the PCR inhibitors such as pigments or polyphenols component.

论文主要研究结果如下：①优化了碱裂解法破冬孢子外壁-CTAB破坏原生质体，释放核酸-微量DNA过滤柱去除色素、多酚等PCR抑制物质的TCK/TCT冬孢子提取方法，排除了冬孢子细胞壁难破DNA难以提取，三甲胺、色素等PCR抑制物质导致假阴性的难题，采用此方法提取的腥黑穗菌DNA完全适用于PCR扩增。

The ornamentation of exosporium varies from species.

苔藓孢子的外壁纹饰不同，一般认为孢子外壁光滑是进化性状，外壁上各种突起排列密集的则较为原始。

Further examination by scanning electron microscopy indicates that the mutant microspore exine is aberrant and broken.

扫描电镜结果显示，突变体花药中小孢子外壁异常、破裂。

It is considered to be an original character that various processes densely arranged on the exine.

苔藓孢子的外壁纹饰不同，一般认为孢子外壁光滑是进化性状，外壁上各种突起排列密集的则较为原始。

Cracked Lingzhi Spores Powder, the exine of spore had broken, after taken; it can be absorbed directly and has well effect.

破壁灵芝孢子，孢子的外壁已破，服用后其所含成分能直接被人体吸收，效果较好，服用方便。

Detailed study indicates that this kind of micrini-tes, in fact, is typical fungus megaspores that are distributed widely in modernarid and semiarid steppe areas of northern China.

通过对我国各地130余块表层土壤样品的分析，发现了多种类型的真菌孢子，其中有一类大孢子(大小100-350μm，外壁厚5-10μm以上)与在黄土地层及红粘土层中发现的带尾的微球粒形态是一致的，进一步研究认为这种微球粒实际上是一类分布在我国北方干旱、半干旱草原区的真菌大孢子。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。