婴儿

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

Time for ophthalmoscopic diagnosis was measured in 2 ways: 1 time spent by the examiner at the infant's bedside and 2 mean total time commitment per infant.

采用2种方式测量眼底镜检查法诊断的时间：1）诊查者在婴儿床旁所花费的时间和2）每个婴儿平均总的诊断时间。

Erb's palsy: Disruption of the normal movements of the newborn infant's arms and hands, frequently due to nerve injury resulting from the overdistention of the baby's head during birth.

雇员再培训局的麻痹：扰乱正常的变动，新生婴儿的双臂和双手，经常因神经损伤造成的，从overdistention的婴儿的头部在胎儿出生。

When the infant had taken its fill the young mother sat it upright in her lap, and looking into the far distance dandled it with a gloomy indifference that was almost dislike; then all of a sudden she fell to violently kissing it some dozens of times, as if she could never leave off, the child crying at the vehemence of an onset which strangely combined passionateness with contempt.

等到婴儿吃饱了，那位年轻的母亲就把他放在自己的膝头上，让他坐正了，用膝头颠着他玩，眼睛却望着远方，脸色既忧郁又冷淡，差不多是憎恶的样子；然后，她把脸伏下去，在婴儿的脸上猛烈地亲了几十次，仿佛永远也亲不够，在她这阵猛烈的亲吻里，疼爱里面奇怪地混合着鄙夷，孩子也被亲得大声哭了起来。

More than 5 percent of these infants perished in spite of the necessary care that was given to them.

尽管给予了这些婴儿必要的护理，仍有超过5％的婴儿死亡。

One of these premodern attachment-dis-couraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.

现代文明之前，一种减少对婴儿依恋的做法就是在婴儿存活到第二年才给其取名字。

One of any premodern attachment-dis-couraging practices were to leave infants untitled to the time of them had survived into the Number 2 age.

现代文明之前，一种减少对婴儿依恋的做法根本那是在婴儿存活到第二年才给其取姓名。

The 100 babies were compared to a control group of babies, who were not prenatally exposed to smoking.

这100个婴儿将同没有在胎儿期暴露在吸烟环境中的婴儿的对照组进行比较。

Among these infants, 804 (2.6/1,000 infants) met the criteria for pyloric stenosis.

在这些婴儿中，804 (2.6/1，000婴儿)名符合幽门狭窄的标准。

Infants exposed to erythromycin after 13 days of life and infants exposed to antibiotics other than erythromycin had no increased risk of pyloric stenosis.

出生13天以后服用红霉素的婴儿与服用其他抗生素的婴儿相比，幽门狭窄的危险率没有增加。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。