始新世的

The phase of rift basin formed the primary source rocks and reservoir and seal. Triassic-Jurassic Pucara Group and Cretaceous Chonta Formation generated a mass of hydrocarbons in Paleocene-Eocene (60-45Ma) and Miocene (15-5Ma), respectively.

盆地内主要的烃源岩及储、盖组合均发育在裂谷盆地阶段，三叠系—侏罗系Pucara群和白垩系Chonta组2套主要烃源岩的排烃高峰期分别是古新世—始新世（距今60～45 Ma）和中新世（距今15～5 Ma）。

However, there are not only a lot of sporo-pollen assemblages from Eocene to Oligocene but also much more ichthyolite from Oligocene to Miocene.

然而，这套地层中存在大量始新世－渐新世的孢粉组合，同时赋存有相当数量的时代为渐新世－中新世的鱼化石。

So, the timing of terrestrial strata can be defined from Eocene to Oligocene in Paleogene.

因此，尼玛盆地的陆相地层时代应为古近纪始新世－渐新世。

The study on this area may provide good information about the late evolutionary history and closing age of the Tibet-Tethys remnant sea. In this work, a great number of microfossils have been found and identified. Study on the microfossils (especially planktonic foraminifera) indicates:(1) the youngest marine bed in Tibet is represented by the top of the Sandstone-shale Member of the Zhepure Formation that occurs in the Zongpuxi Section of the Gamba area, and is of the early Late Eocene age. The age stands for the final closing of the Tibet-Tethys;(2) The age of the youngest marine bed in Gamba is correlative with, or more or less younger than that of the Tingri region. Both are referred to early Priabonian.

对岗巴－定日地区内始新世地层剖面作了极为详细的研究工作，发现并鉴定了数量较为丰富的微体化石，在此基础上对西藏特提斯晚期沉积环境的演变进行了较为详细的分析，认为岗巴地区遮普惹组砂页岩段的时代与定日遮普惹组砂页岩段的时代相同或略晚于后者，两者基本上属同期异相沉积，含相同的浮游有孔虫Morozovella spinulosa-Acarinina bullbrooki组合；藏南最高海相层－遮普惹组砂页岩段顶部的时代应为晚始新世Priabonian早期，它代表着西藏－特提斯海在藏南最终消亡的时间。

Overturn of foraminiferaoccurs at the P/E boundary that is indicated by the extinction of genus Miscellanea.

始新统遮普惹组底部有孔虫逐渐复苏，除两种为古新世的残存类型外，始新世生物组合全为新的属种，并呈现三个复苏阶段。

Mature, synrift lacustrine shales of Eocene to Oligocene age and mature, late rift coals and coaly shales of Oligocene to Miocene age are source rocks for oil and gas in two important petroleum systems of the onshore and offshore areas of the Northwest Java Basin. Biogenic gas and carbonate sourced gas have also been identified. These hydrocarbons are trapped primarily in anticlines and fault blocks involving sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

爪哇盆地西北的沿海地区的两个重要的石油体系中，始新世至渐新世的湖泊页岩、渐新世至中新世晚期裂隙煤和含煤页岩是石油和天然气的矿源岩，鉴别出了生物源气体和碳酸盐源气体，这些烃类被圈闭在背斜和断层中，包括沙岩、碳酸盐岩油储。

The earliest and reliable Castanopsis fossil records date back at least to Eocene, and subfamily Castaneoideae fossil records found from Paleocene, it is indicated that appearance of Castanopsis is not later than Paleocene . All fossil records of Fagaceae and Castanopsis report from the Northern Hemisphere and their main distribution regions are in the Northern Hemisphere . It can be concluded that the Northern Hemisphere is the center of origin of Fagaceae and Castanopsis . However, owing to the discrepancy between fossil data and results of modern botany research as well as scarcity of fossil data from key area, precise center of origin of Castanopsis cannot be inferred.

栲属在地质历史上有着比现在广泛的分布，最早、最可靠的栲属化石记录发现于始新世地层，栗亚科化石在古新世就有发现，化石记录表明栲属起源的时间不晚于古新世，所有的壳斗科及栲属的化石都发现于北半球，现代分布也主要在北半球，壳斗科及栲属起源于北半球可以确认，由于化石证据与现代植物学的研究结果有较大差异以及关键地区化石证据的不足，具体的起源地尚不能肯定。

The extinction or appearance of these Ostracoda always occurred in a short time interval, and can be correlated locally and globally, so they are of importance in bioeventstratigraphy. This article listed six such biological events in Qaidam Basin and discussed their causes. The extinction of Cetacella reflected temperature decrease at global scale and changes of palaeoclimate zones during the latest Jurassic and the earliest Cretaceous; The rapid decline of Cypridea in the earliest Cretaceous may be a result of the strikes of small planets; at the latest middle-Eocene Austrocypris became extinct, and at Oligocene Hemicyprinotus disappeared. These events related to the changes of the geological conditions at that time. The explosion of Cyprideis at the middle-Miocene was because the rise of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau which resulted in the dry climate and development of salt lakes.

这些水生生物的绝灭或发生均很迅速，在区域或全球范围内均可对比，具有生物事件地层学意义：Cetacella属的绝灭可能是侏罗、白垩纪之交全球性的古气候降温和气候带变化在柴达木盆地的反映；早白垩世之后Cypridea的迅速衰退是地外因素灾变的结果；中始新世晚期的Austrocypris的绝灭、渐新世Hemicyprinotus的绝灭都与当时地质条件的改变存在著内在的联系；中中新世Cyprideis的爆发推断是青藏高原隆升，导致气候乾燥、湖水咸化的结果；而晚更新世晚期1。

The analytical results show that the neotectonic activities resulted from the nearly north-south-trending compressional stress in the region. Based on previous research results, the neotectonic activities in this area can be divided into five evolution stages: late Eocene to Oligocene, Miocene, late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, early Pleistocene to Mid-Pleistocene, and Mid-Pleistocene to now.

研究表明，新构造以断裂构造为主，是区域近南北向挤压应力作用的结果；结合前人研究成果，可以将伊犁盆地新构造运动分为五期：始新世晚期－渐新世、中新世、上新世末期－早更新世、早更新世－中更新世、中更新世至今。

On the basis of analyzing regional structure and evolution characteristics, It is considered that undergoing 3 evolutions of Eocene-Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene exploration, Burma central basin Formed in Tertiary and can be divided into 2 secondary grade structural units, i.e. western deep depression and eastern shallow depression, and 11 third grade structural units, such as Irrawaddy sag, Prome sag, Salin sag, Chindwin sag, Hukawng sag, Putao sag, Shwebo sag, Inlelake sag, Salween sag, Sittang sag and Pegu upwarping.

基於对区域构造特徵和演化的分析，认为缅甸中央盆地形成於第三纪，经历了始新世－渐新世、中新世和上新世三期构造演化，可划分为西部深坳区和东部浅坳区2个二级构造单元及Irrawaddy凹陷、Prome凹陷、Salin凹陷、Chindwin凹陷、Hukawng凹陷、Putao凹陷、Shwebo凹陷、Inlelake凹陷、Salween凹陷、Sittang凹陷、Pegu凸起等11个三级构造单元。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失