始新世

However, there are not only a lot of sporo-pollen assemblages from Eocene to Oligocene but also much more ichthyolite from Oligocene to Miocene.

然而，这套地层中存在大量始新世－渐新世的孢粉组合，同时赋存有相当数量的时代为渐新世－中新世的鱼化石。

The study on this area may provide good information about the late evolutionary history and closing age of the Tibet-Tethys remnant sea. In this work, a great number of microfossils have been found and identified. Study on the microfossils (especially planktonic foraminifera) indicates:(1) the youngest marine bed in Tibet is represented by the top of the Sandstone-shale Member of the Zhepure Formation that occurs in the Zongpuxi Section of the Gamba area, and is of the early Late Eocene age. The age stands for the final closing of the Tibet-Tethys;(2) The age of the youngest marine bed in Gamba is correlative with, or more or less younger than that of the Tingri region. Both are referred to early Priabonian.

对岗巴－定日地区内始新世地层剖面作了极为详细的研究工作，发现并鉴定了数量较为丰富的微体化石，在此基础上对西藏特提斯晚期沉积环境的演变进行了较为详细的分析，认为岗巴地区遮普惹组砂页岩段的时代与定日遮普惹组砂页岩段的时代相同或略晚于后者，两者基本上属同期异相沉积，含相同的浮游有孔虫Morozovella spinulosa-Acarinina bullbrooki组合；藏南最高海相层－遮普惹组砂页岩段顶部的时代应为晚始新世Priabonian早期，它代表着西藏－特提斯海在藏南最终消亡的时间。

Overturn of foraminiferaoccurs at the P/E boundary that is indicated by the extinction of genus Miscellanea.

始新统遮普惹组底部有孔虫逐渐复苏，除两种为古新世的残存类型外，始新世生物组合全为新的属种，并呈现三个复苏阶段。

Of, relating to, or designating the geologic time, rock series, sedimentary deposits, and fossils of the second oldest of the five major epochs of the Tertiary Period, extending from the end of the Paleocene to the beginning of the Oligocene, and characterized by the rise of mammals.

始新世的关于或标明第三纪的五个世中第二世的地质时代、岩系段，沉积矿床和化石的，该世由古新世末期到渐新世初期，以哺乳动物的繁盛为特征

These stages can be generalized into four cycles: 1 lower Cretaceous to lower Eocene; 2 middle Eocene to Oligocene; 3 Oligocene to Neocene; 4 Quaternary.

从而可以划分出四个构造旋回：1早白垩世—早始新世；2中始新世—渐新世；3渐新世—晚第三纪；4第四纪。

The evolution process under the control of the multigeodynamic force system (including the boundary forces of Eurasia-Pacific-Indian three massive plates around Nansha block, effects of the deep mantle, relative soft layer-sliding planes within Nansha lithosphere block and the earth's rotational inertial force) can be briefly divided four stages: the late Cretaceous to the early Eocene stage of uprilfing-erosion and shear-extension caused by the oceanwards-eastwards withdrew of Pacific subduction zone and the delamination of proto-subducted slab after the stage of pre-Cretaceous pre-rifting active continentoceanic plate margin. In this stage, the Nansha transcrustal layering-block started to move southeastwards on the Nansha transcrustal layer-sliding plane, meanwhile, the Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basement layering-block slid on their upper-crust layer-sliding planes, and Xibu accretion zone was formed. Successively, it entered the stage of the mid-Eocene to early Oligocene, when NW-SE sea-floor spreading occurred in the southwest subbasin owing to the slip-line field initiated by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, Zengmu foreland-basin started to develop in the same time. And in the stage of late Oligocene to early Miocene, near NS simple-shear extension and sea-floor spreading in the central subbasin of eastern South China Sea resulted from the south-southeastwards drawing-force of the mantle-flow. The crustal layering-blocks and the Miri accretion zone formed also in this stage.

南沙岩石圈新生代微板块及板内层块构造的动力演化过程，在多元动力等因素(如块体之外的欧-太-印三大板块运动边界力和地幔深部活动因素、块体内部软弱层滑面以及地球自转变化)控制下，大致经历了4个阶段的演化：从前晚白垩世的裂前活动陆-洋板块边缘阶段因太平洋俯冲带向东跃迁、原向NNW俯冲消亡的板片的拆沉、幔隆而进入晚白垩世-早始新世的隆升剥蚀、剪切伸展演化阶段，南沙超壳层块顺超壳层滑面祥东南运移、安渡-毕生与礼乐-半月基底层块沿上壳层滑面拆离，西布增生带形成；继而先后在中始新世-早渐新世期间受印-欧板块碰撞滑线场、地球自转加速影响出现西南海盆NW-SE向海底扩张和曾母前陆盆地的发育，和晚渐新世-早中新世期间南—东南向地幔流牵引造成的中央次海盆近NS向单剪伸展与海底扩张、壳体层块向南差异滑移、米里增生带形成；中中新世以来，印度-澳洲板块快速向北俯冲，构成今日南海格局。

Mature, synrift lacustrine shales of Eocene to Oligocene age and mature, late rift coals and coaly shales of Oligocene to Miocene age are source rocks for oil and gas in two important petroleum systems of the onshore and offshore areas of the Northwest Java Basin. Biogenic gas and carbonate sourced gas have also been identified. These hydrocarbons are trapped primarily in anticlines and fault blocks involving sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

爪哇盆地西北的沿海地区的两个重要的石油体系中，始新世至渐新世的湖泊页岩、渐新世至中新世晚期裂隙煤和含煤页岩是石油和天然气的矿源岩，鉴别出了生物源气体和碳酸盐源气体，这些烃类被圈闭在背斜和断层中，包括沙岩、碳酸盐岩油储。

The extinction or appearance of these Ostracoda always occurred in a short time interval, and can be correlated locally and globally, so they are of importance in bioeventstratigraphy. This article listed six such biological events in Qaidam Basin and discussed their causes. The extinction of Cetacella reflected temperature decrease at global scale and changes of palaeoclimate zones during the latest Jurassic and the earliest Cretaceous; The rapid decline of Cypridea in the earliest Cretaceous may be a result of the strikes of small planets; at the latest middle-Eocene Austrocypris became extinct, and at Oligocene Hemicyprinotus disappeared. These events related to the changes of the geological conditions at that time. The explosion of Cyprideis at the middle-Miocene was because the rise of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau which resulted in the dry climate and development of salt lakes.

这些水生生物的绝灭或发生均很迅速，在区域或全球范围内均可对比，具有生物事件地层学意义：Cetacella属的绝灭可能是侏罗、白垩纪之交全球性的古气候降温和气候带变化在柴达木盆地的反映；早白垩世之后Cypridea的迅速衰退是地外因素灾变的结果；中始新世晚期的Austrocypris的绝灭、渐新世Hemicyprinotus的绝灭都与当时地质条件的改变存在著内在的联系；中中新世Cyprideis的爆发推断是青藏高原隆升，导致气候乾燥、湖水咸化的结果；而晚更新世晚期1。

Through the age analysis on apatite and zircon fission track, there have five stages of tectonic movements, respectively occurred in late Trias, from mid-late period in early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene.

通过对盆地内磷灰石和锆石年龄分析，焉耆盆地存在5期构造运动：晚三叠世、早白垩世中晚期-晚白垩世、始新世、渐新世和中新世。

The analytical results show that the neotectonic activities resulted from the nearly north-south-trending compressional stress in the region. Based on previous research results, the neotectonic activities in this area can be divided into five evolution stages: late Eocene to Oligocene, Miocene, late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, early Pleistocene to Mid-Pleistocene, and Mid-Pleistocene to now.

研究表明，新构造以断裂构造为主，是区域近南北向挤压应力作用的结果；结合前人研究成果，可以将伊犁盆地新构造运动分为五期：始新世晚期－渐新世、中新世、上新世末期－早更新世、早更新世－中更新世、中更新世至今。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失