契约的

independent audit is essenttially a group of contract among client,bailee and federation of cpa.those factors, such as economic activity's uncertainty,asymmetric information and limited rationality have resolved that contract is almost imperfect.so adverse selection and moral hazard always exist in all the course of signing and carrying a contract,and seriously in the responsibility insurance of cpa decided by professional characteristic of independent audit,and particularly in our country decided by "state-owned property right" and "public contract" of our state-owned enterprise.

独立审计实质上是委托人、受托人和注册会计师协会之间的一组契约的集合。经济活动的不确定性和复杂性，信息的不完全和不对称以及签约双方的有限理性等因素决定了契约总是不完备的，几乎在所有契约的签订和履行中，都不同程度地存在逆向选择和道德风险问题；独立审计的职业特点，决定了注册会计师执业责任保险中逆向选择和道德风险问题的严重性；我国国有企业"公有产权"和"公共契约"特性，决定了我国独立审计执业责任保险中逆向选择和道德风险问题的特殊性。

independent audit is essenttially a group of contract among client,bailee and federation of cpa.those factors, such as economic activity's uncertainty,asymmetric information and limited rationality have resolved that contract is almost imperfect.so adverse selection and moral hazard always exist in all the course of signing and carrying a contract,and seriously in the responsibility insurance of cpa decided by professional characteristic of independent audit,and particularly in our country decided by "state－owned property right" and "public contract" of our state－owned enterprise.

摘 要］独立审计实质上是委托人、受托人和注册会计师协会之间的一组契约的集合。经济活动的不确定性和复杂性，信息的不完全和不对称以及签约双方的有限理性等因素决定了契约总是不完备的，几乎在所有契约的签订和履行中，都不同程度地存在逆向选择和道德风险问题；独立审计的职业特点，决定了注册会计师执业责任保险中逆向选择和道德风险问题的严重性；我国国有企业"公有产权"和"公共契约"特性，决定了我国独立审计执业责任保险中逆向选择和道德风险问题的特殊性。

Forth, different to the previous studies focusing on the standard securities from the angle of complete contract, the dissertation deeply studies the contract design of convertible bond from the angle of incomplete contract.

已有的研究主要是从完全契约的角度针对标准金融契约工具展开的，而本论文则从不完全契约理论下控制权动态配置的新的前沿视角深入研究了可转债融资契约设计。

It is a great development that modern economics has transformed from conventional completive contract theory to incomplete contract theory.

现代经济学的一项重大发展是由传统的完备契约理论转向不完备契约理论。作为一种契约的组织内人工设计的激励契约也必然是不完备的。

Assuming that the contract itself was admitted, defendants might none the less deny that their own obligations under it had yet become actionable: it might have been agreed that their obligation to perform would arise only on the occurrence of some specified event, which would take effect as a condition precedent.

假设契约本身得到了确认，被告可能仍然会否认他们契约中的义务，倘若该契约不可诉；人们也许会一致认为只有在出现起到先决条件作用的特定的结果时，他们才负有履行契约的义务。

This article is made up of four parts. The content of the first part is about the conspectus of litig...

本文主要分为四个部分，第一部份为诉讼契约概述，对诉讼契约与契约等概念进行比较和分析，进而界定了诉讼契约的性质，为后来的论述奠定基础；第二部份为诉讼契约存在的理论基础、现实基础及价值分析，论述的着眼点为诉讼契约存在的制度环境和应然性问题和价值功用；第三部份对中外诉讼契约的现状进行了比较并从中有所启示；第四部份是本文的重点，主要讨论的是我国诉讼契约制度的存在的问题，并提若干建构完善措施，如确立诉讼契约理论体系和诉讼原则等，最后，对诉讼契约提出了些许规制措施。

"Always"之类的强调词,如: e.g.4 The Covenantor hereby undertakes to procure that the Customer will comply with all the Customer's obligations to you, the beneficiaries of this deed,but should the Customer default in the payment when due of any payment or default in complying with any other obligation, the Covenantor will, without the need for any demand, make immediate payment or performance thereof as the case may be, at the place, in the funds and currency and/or in the manner required of the Customer and without any withholding or deduction whatsoever PROVIDED ALWAYS HOWEVER that no time for limitation of liability in respect of this Deed shall begin to run in favor of the Covenantor unless and until one or both of you shall have made demand on the Covenantor, and if more than one demand is made, then only from the date and to the extent of each demand respectively.

订约人兹承诺：保证客户将履行其对贵方—即本契约之共同或单独受益人—应尽之所有义务，但是假如客户未支付任何到期的款项或未能履行任何其他义务，订约人将在无需要求的 13 情况下，在客户指定的地点，以所要求的款项及货币形式及/或付款方式，立即做出支付或履行本契约的义务，所付款项不得有任何扣留和减少。但是，除非组成贵方之一公司或两公司已经向订约人提出要求，否则有关本契约之债务时效任何时候都不得按有利于订约人一方的方式开始计算；如果贵方向订约人提出一项以上的要求，则分别按每项要求提出的日期及具体状况开始计算债务时效。 7， any person who"的引导和翻译：，""的引导和翻译：在法律条例中，尤其在各地的刑法典及条例中，"any person who does…shall be guilty of an offence 类句型重复率相当高， person who 用来指称具备一定条件之人， any 并不似 whoever 那样可泛指所有的人，此外，any person who 是个定语从句，后边可以带好几个并行成份的句子而读者读起来不感到吃力，这点也非 whoever 能比，在句法上，该句型有时会把主语和谓语用逗号分开，中间加插一个定语修饰词。

The combination of linear wholesale price contract and inventory cost sharing contract are provided to coordinate drop-shipping supply chain. Under inventory cost sharing contract, the supplier share a part of retailer's understock cost, while the retailer share a part of supplier's overstock cost.(4) When supplier and retailer cooperate in promotion, the Stackelberg game model is developed and the single-stage and multi-stage Stackelberg equilibriums are obtained.

3在零售商基于产品零售价和供应商库存竞争的情况下，研究了drop-shipping渠道下的供应链协调问题：指出以往的批发价契约、回购契约、利润分享契约等均不能使供应链获得协调；给出了使drop-shipping供应链达到协调的线性批发价契约和库存成本分担契约的组合策略；在库存成本分担契约下，供应商承担一部分零售商的缺货成本，同时零售商承担一部分供应商的产品滞销成本。

Therefore, from 1962 when Levinson first formally put forward the concept of Psychological Contract, the debate of the research subjects and contents of Psychological Contract has been continuingly heated, which encouraged two obvious developing phrases, the first one dating from the 60's to the 80's of the 20th century, and the studies of this period resting on the basic recognition of Psychological Contract.

由于对心理契约概念认识的不统一，心理契约的内容也是纷繁复杂，不同的研究者提出的心理契约的具体内容也有所差别，本文从心理契约存在的类型、组织和员工的责任以及责任期待等三个角度介绍了心理契约的内容以及内容研究的变化趋势。

The main contents are: the methods of concluding administrative contract; the principle that concluding administrative contract shall obey, such as principle of participation, principle of legality, principle of equality and freedom, principle of efficiency, principle of good faith and principle of equivalent procedure burden; basic systems of administrative contract's conclusion, such as system of hearings, system of sequence, system of notification, system of publicity, system of functional separation, system of recusation, and system of prescription; procedural rights and obligations of both parties.

主要内容包括：第一，行政契约的缔结所应遵循的原则，主要从一般和特殊两个角度探讨了以下几个主要原则：参与原则，合法原则，平等自由原则，效率原则，诚实信用原则，适于行政需要原则和程序负担均衡原则；第二，怎样缔结行政契约，其方式如何；第三，行政契约缔结的步骤；第四，行政契约缔结的基本制度，主要包括：顺序制度，告知制度，信息公开制度，职能分离制度，回避制度和时效制度；第五，缔约双方的程序性权利义务各有哪些。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。