失效的

With the automatization of degree have improved in the industry, the demand of the mechanism continuity and security also have increased, the reason that cause the operation of mechanism to invalidation is the wear by the friction, which abrade the movement component and joint component.

随着工业自动化程度的提高，对机械零件工作的连续性、安全性要求也提高，而实践证明，导致机械运转失效的主要原因是由于活动构件或者联结件在摩擦力的作用下产生的磨损，磨损导致机械的运转失效，更可能引发安全隐患，这其中磨料磨损占整个磨损总量的50％，故越来越多的研究者对抗磨料磨损的材料进行了一系列的研究。

Based on fuzzy feature that the concrete crack width affects concrete structure durability, the membership function that the crack width belongs to the durability failure is established, the calculation method of fuzzy probability about structure durability failure is submitted, and classifing standard of the sturucture durability state is proposed, In accordance with the stochastic nature that cracks on concrete bridges occur and grow, and by assuming that crack occurrence obeys nonstable Poission process, predicting and evaluating methods about future crack condition and durability state of concrete bridge structures are suggested.

依混凝土裂缝宽度对混凝土结构耐久性影响的模糊特性，建立了裂缝宽度隶属耐久性失效的隶属函数，提出了结构耐久性失效的模糊概率计算方法，并建议了结构耐久性状态的划分标准；针对混凝土桥梁裂缝发生、发展的随机性，以裂缝的发生服从非稳态的泊松过程的假设为前提，提出了混凝土桥梁结构裂缝未来状况及耐久性未来状态的预测评估方法。

Clean and check 1 slowly loosen the gland nut stuffing, packing the release of residual pressure of all components; 2 Remove all old packing, thoroughly clean axle / rod stuffing; 3 Check the shaft / bar have corrosion, dents, scratches or excessive wear; 4 Check whether there are other WATER POWER CONTROL VALVE parts burr, cracks, wear, they will reduce the packing life; 5 Check whether there is too much stuffing the gap, and the shaft / rod eccentric degree; 6 the replacement of defective parts larger; 7 Check the old packing, as BALANCING VALVES the basis of failure analysis to find the reasons for early failure of packing.

缓慢松开填料函的压盖螺母，释放盘根组件内所有的残余压力； 2）移去所有旧的盘根，彻底清洁轴/杆的填料函； 3）检查轴/杆是否有腐蚀、凹痕、划伤或过度磨损； 4）检查其他零件是否有毛刺、裂纹、磨损，它们会减少盘根的寿命； 5）检查填料函是否有过大的间隙，以及轴/杆的偏心程度； 6）更换有较大缺陷的零部件； 7）检查旧盘根，作为失效分析的依据，球阀以找到盘根早期失效的原因。

So I choose to analyze the company managing from the angle of the internal control, to find out how it abates and why it happened. Then I will put forward the advisories which are very specific and operable on the basis of COSO. I hope that this will provide some experience for enterprises to make their internal control system effective.

因此，本文选择从研究内部控制的角度，分析我国上市公司内部控制失效的现象，并对此进行深入研究，挖掘背后的成因，并以COSO报告为框架，提出具体的、10分具有可操作性的完善对策，希望有助于改善上市公司内部控制失效的状况，对上市公司完善内部控制起到借鉴作用。

The oxidation-deoxidization between Al and ZrO2 or Y2O3 is one of the mechanisms of high temperature oxidation failure of TBCs. The failure under thermal shock results from the formation of cracks normal to the bond/top coat interface, due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion between bond coat and top coat and the temperature change.

底层与面层之间界面存在的部分Zro，或YZO3被A1还原生成Zr或Y，A1被氧化形成A1203的反应是热障涂层高温氧化失效的原因之一；热震失效的主要原因是由于底层与面层之间热膨胀系数的差异而产生的剪应力与喷涂时产生的内应力之和导致面层产生裂纹。

This paper discusses failure pattern and force of link chain hook of link chain bucket elevator, finds out the causes of short periodical fatigue failure of link chain hook and points out the key factors that influence fatigue life of the link chain hook is the fitting gap .

通过对环链斗式提升机链环钩失效形式和受力情况的分析，揭示了链环钩产生低周疲劳失效的原因，指出了在影响链环钩疲劳寿命的诸多因素中，链环钩与料斗之间的装配间隙是决定其疲劳寿命的主要因素，重新设计的链环钩解决了疲劳断裂问题，说明设计中所采取的措施是有效的。

Through above numerical analysis of the TiN coating/substrate system, some typical rules about the fatigue failure are found:(1) the fatigue damage of a coating/substrate system appears first on the interface, then expands along the interface and to the substrate, and finally causes the coatings broken and spalled;(2) under the cyclic loadings of tangential sliding and radial extrusion, the equivalent plastic damage on the interface is mainly generated by the shear stress and the accumulated plastic contributed by the increments of shear stress. Thus the change of the shear stress is the main factor for the contact fatigue damages of coating/substrate system;(3) the frictional coefficient, external loading and coating thickness have some influence on the carrying capacity and contact fatigue life for a coating/substrate system.

通过对TiN涂层／基体系统的数值模拟分析，得到了涂层／基体系统疲劳失效的一些典型规律：(1)、涂层基体的初始损伤首先出现在交界面处，然后沿界面并向基体中扩展，最后导致涂层断裂而发生剥落失效；(2)、在切向滑动和径向挤压循环载荷作用下，交界面处的塑性损伤主要是由剪应力τ产生，塑性累积也是由于△τ的变化引起，说明循环过程中剪应力变化是影响涂层接触疲劳破坏的主要因素；(3)、材料摩擦系数、外界载荷大小以及涂层厚度都对涂层／基体系统的承载能力以及疲劳寿命都有一定影响。

ABSTRACT in the first part of this thesis, the interaction between cu-sn and ni-sn interfacial reactions in a soldering system has been studied by using a ni-sn3.5ag-cu sandwich structure. a layer of cu-sn intermetallic compound was observed at the interface of the ni foil after 30 seconds reflowing.

在电子元件高功率及及轻、薄、短、小化的要求下，热一直是造成电子元件失效的原因之一，BGA封装的主要失效原因是作为接点的锡铅共熔合金（63Sn-37Pb；或称锡球）的疲劳破裂，这是导因於封装体不同材料间热膨胀系数的差异所造成的热应变。

Based on the practice of the use of φ95mm subsurface sucker rod pump in Shengtuo Oilfield in recent years, the causes of the failure of the pump are analyzed, and relevant precautions are put forward:(1)selecting oil wells with sufficient fluid supply for pumping;(2)under the condition of the pump efficiency being the same, the submergence depth of the pump being somewhat larger than that of the small pump, and 450～500m being feasible;(3)adopting Grade H ultrahigh-strength rod string and fixing a sinker bar at the bottom of the rod string;(4)selecting long stroke and low pumping speed, and more than 5m stroke and less than 6min-1 pumping speed being recommended;(5)adopting zirconium oxide valve ball and seat ＋ spray welded plunger ＋ nitrided barrel.

根据胜坨油田近几年采用φ95mm有杆抽油泵提液的实践，分析了造成这种抽油泵失效的原因，包括与其配套的脱节器失效、抽油杆断脱、泵漏、电动机不配套和生产管理不善等。为增强泵的提液能力和工作可靠性，提出5 项预防措施：(1)选择有充足供液能力的油井；(2)在保持相同泵效的情况下，泵的沉没度应略大于小泵，推荐按450～500m设计；(3)采用H级超高强度抽油杆柱，并在杆柱底部配置一定重量的加重杆；(4)采用长冲程、低冲次的参数匹配，推荐光杆冲程大于5m，冲次小于6min-1；(5)为提高泵筒、活塞和阀座的防腐耐磨性，推荐采用&氧化锆阀球和阀座+喷焊柱塞+氮化泵筒&的结构形式。

In the paper the author relates systematically the research fruits in the program of Research on Sand Slurry Abrasion Mechanisms of Dredging Conditions and New Wear-Resistant Materials. The main contents and innovations are listed as follows.Summarized and analyzed are the wear researches and developments, and the methods of increasing materials wear-resistance. From the viewpoint of the characteristics of two-phase liquid sand slurry wear, combined with the examination and study on easily damaged workpieces, the wear failures basic rules are pointed out, of the pump shell and the cutter-piece on service, and the general principles of material wear-resistant designs put forward. The sand slurry abrasion tester has been designed and developed which can simulate general dredging conditions. Summarized and presented are the position-exchange measuring method of sand slurry abrasion test and the experiment specification of sand slurry wear test of dredging conditions.

文中系统论述了作者在疏浚工况泥沙磨损机理及其耐磨新材料课题研究中的工作成果，主要研究内容和创新点如下：总结分析了磨损研究动态和提高材料耐磨性的方法；从两相流泥沙磨损的特点出发，结合对失效易损件的考察研究，分析指出了现役泥泵壳和绞刀片磨损失效的基本规律，提出了材料耐磨损设计的基本思想；设计研制了能模拟疏浚工况的泥沙磨损试验机，总结提出了泥沙磨损试验换位测试法和疏浚工况泥沙磨损试验规范。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。