失效分析

The failure characteristics of large pump units are that the influence is great, the reasons are complicated, it is difficult to observe and the failure rate is hard to determine. The main failures of large pump units are as follows: burn out of thrust bearing liner of the motor, failure of stator and rotor coil insulation of the motor, wear-and-tear of guiding bearing and shaft neck of the pump, breakdown of adjusting mechanism of the pump blade, and pump cavitation. The reasons of main failures are studied in design, structures, installation and operation etc.

分析了大型水泵机组故障的特点：影响大、原因复杂、隐蔽性强和故障率确定难；确定了主要故障形式：电机推力瓦烧损，电机线圈绝缘失效，水泵导轴承及轴颈磨损，叶片调节机构失效，水泵汽蚀；从设计、结构、安装和运行等方面研究了主要故障的原因。

This paper discusses failure pattern and force of link chain hook of link chain bucket elevator, finds out the causes of short periodical fatigue failure of link chain hook and points out the key factors that influence fatigue life of the link chain hook is the fitting gap .

通过对环链斗式提升机链环钩失效形式和受力情况的分析，揭示了链环钩产生低周疲劳失效的原因，指出了在影响链环钩疲劳寿命的诸多因素中，链环钩与料斗之间的装配间隙是决定其疲劳寿命的主要因素，重新设计的链环钩解决了疲劳断裂问题，说明设计中所采取的措施是有效的。

Moreover, this article offers various improvement programs for smoke evacuation system in subways system. Initially, we offer an idea to minimize the anti-smoke divisions and to rearrange vent positions to resolve the failure of station smoke evacuation mode. In the study of smoke evacuation process at tunnel track area, we find an upward slope will block smoke evacuation. This study also finds that start of fans operation will speed up the accumulation of smoke and endanger people's life during escape. The way to resolve is that we need to add fans at upward slope. This result is different from the report of one dimensional SES simulate analysis. To timely correct the safety evaluation result in SES report and to efficiently improve the failure of smoke evacuation system design are recommended by this article. Therefore, an increase of time for people to escape in fire hazard with less casualty.

本文另於对捷运排烟系统提出各项改善方案中，初步提出车站排烟系统防烟区划缩小构想，并配合风口位置调整策略来解决失效的车站排烟模式；而隧道轨道区排烟系统在研究过程发现爬坡段有阻碍排烟效果，本研究发现风机开启后反而加速烟气滞留并危害人员逃生，解决之道则必需於爬坡段增加风机来排除，此与一维式SES模拟分析报告结果不同，故能藉以及时更正SES报告之安全评估结果，经由所提改善方案，有效改善所发现排烟系统设计之失效，提高人员火灾时逃生的安全时间，降低人员伤亡。

Moreover, it analyzes the influence factors of failure correlation and its relationship with the gradations of the road network functions.

而且分析了失效相关性的影响因素和道路网络功能级配与失效相关性之间的关系。

Through above numerical analysis of the TiN coating/substrate system, some typical rules about the fatigue failure are found:(1) the fatigue damage of a coating/substrate system appears first on the interface, then expands along the interface and to the substrate, and finally causes the coatings broken and spalled;(2) under the cyclic loadings of tangential sliding and radial extrusion, the equivalent plastic damage on the interface is mainly generated by the shear stress and the accumulated plastic contributed by the increments of shear stress. Thus the change of the shear stress is the main factor for the contact fatigue damages of coating/substrate system;(3) the frictional coefficient, external loading and coating thickness have some influence on the carrying capacity and contact fatigue life for a coating/substrate system.

通过对TiN涂层／基体系统的数值模拟分析，得到了涂层／基体系统疲劳失效的一些典型规律：(1)、涂层基体的初始损伤首先出现在交界面处，然后沿界面并向基体中扩展，最后导致涂层断裂而发生剥落失效；(2)、在切向滑动和径向挤压循环载荷作用下，交界面处的塑性损伤主要是由剪应力τ产生，塑性累积也是由于△τ的变化引起，说明循环过程中剪应力变化是影响涂层接触疲劳破坏的主要因素；(3)、材料摩擦系数、外界载荷大小以及涂层厚度都对涂层／基体系统的承载能力以及疲劳寿命都有一定影响。

Theoretically the pump blade failure mechanism was worn on, the impact of wear failure leaves the various factors was analyzed, combined with practice pumping station operation and maintenance experience, the focus at a reasonable selection, surface heat treatment, non-metallic protective coating alloy powder spray repair welding and welding six aspects, premature wear of the pump blade technical measures and repair methods was prevented in order to enhance its effective life.

理论上阐述了水泵叶片磨损失效的机制，具体分析了影响叶片磨损失效的各种因素，并结合泵站运行实践和维修经验，重点在合理选材、表面热处理、非金属涂层防护、合金粉末喷焊和补焊等6个方面，提出了防止水泵叶片过早磨损的技术措施和修补方法，以提高其有效的使用寿命。

Based on the practice of the use of φ95mm subsurface sucker rod pump in Shengtuo Oilfield in recent years, the causes of the failure of the pump are analyzed, and relevant precautions are put forward:(1)selecting oil wells with sufficient fluid supply for pumping;(2)under the condition of the pump efficiency being the same, the submergence depth of the pump being somewhat larger than that of the small pump, and 450～500m being feasible;(3)adopting Grade H ultrahigh-strength rod string and fixing a sinker bar at the bottom of the rod string;(4)selecting long stroke and low pumping speed, and more than 5m stroke and less than 6min-1 pumping speed being recommended;(5)adopting zirconium oxide valve ball and seat ＋ spray welded plunger ＋ nitrided barrel.

根据胜坨油田近几年采用φ95mm有杆抽油泵提液的实践，分析了造成这种抽油泵失效的原因，包括与其配套的脱节器失效、抽油杆断脱、泵漏、电动机不配套和生产管理不善等。为增强泵的提液能力和工作可靠性，提出5 项预防措施：(1)选择有充足供液能力的油井；(2)在保持相同泵效的情况下，泵的沉没度应略大于小泵，推荐按450～500m设计；(3)采用H级超高强度抽油杆柱，并在杆柱底部配置一定重量的加重杆；(4)采用长冲程、低冲次的参数匹配，推荐光杆冲程大于5m，冲次小于6min-1；(5)为提高泵筒、活塞和阀座的防腐耐磨性，推荐采用&氧化锆阀球和阀座+喷焊柱塞+氮化泵筒&的结构形式。

From all the work a set of complete methods of analyzing and calculating fatigue reliability of structure systems are put forward. The fatigue reliability of structure systems can be calculated by searching failure modes and using the series-wound model composed of the failure modes.

由此针对结构系统疲劳破坏的特点，本文提出了一套完整的结构系统疲劳可靠性的分析和计算方法，该方法通过搜索结构系统的主要失效模式，应用失效模式组成的串联模型计算结构系统的疲劳可靠性。

Safety evaluation of high arch dam is related to the failure mode. It is necessary to find the most possible failure mode for the specified arch dam according to risk analysis. Then the safety degree of the dam relevant to the mode will be analyzed.

高拱坝安全度的评估需要与失效破坏模式联系起来，应通过风险分析寻找最可能失效模式，确定与此模式相应的安全度。

A brief account is given of the problem in traditional high arch dam safety evaluation without considering the randomness and without failure mode analyzing.

简述了高拱坝传统安全评价中不考虑随机性、不进行失效模式分析等存在问题，提出应用失效概率与风险值两个指标对高拱坝进行安全评价。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。