失效

Through above numerical analysis of the TiN coating/substrate system, some typical rules about the fatigue failure are found:(1) the fatigue damage of a coating/substrate system appears first on the interface, then expands along the interface and to the substrate, and finally causes the coatings broken and spalled;(2) under the cyclic loadings of tangential sliding and radial extrusion, the equivalent plastic damage on the interface is mainly generated by the shear stress and the accumulated plastic contributed by the increments of shear stress. Thus the change of the shear stress is the main factor for the contact fatigue damages of coating/substrate system;(3) the frictional coefficient, external loading and coating thickness have some influence on the carrying capacity and contact fatigue life for a coating/substrate system.

通过对TiN涂层／基体系统的数值模拟分析，得到了涂层／基体系统疲劳失效的一些典型规律：(1)、涂层基体的初始损伤首先出现在交界面处，然后沿界面并向基体中扩展，最后导致涂层断裂而发生剥落失效；(2)、在切向滑动和径向挤压循环载荷作用下，交界面处的塑性损伤主要是由剪应力τ产生，塑性累积也是由于△τ的变化引起，说明循环过程中剪应力变化是影响涂层接触疲劳破坏的主要因素；(3)、材料摩擦系数、外界载荷大小以及涂层厚度都对涂层／基体系统的承载能力以及疲劳寿命都有一定影响。

The rotor and its bearing, linked with small clearance restrict, makes up of the whole rotating system of unit power in ball pen production machine; its breakage and failure, first appear in the form of the failure of small clearance restrict, is caused directly by the unit vibration. Therefore, how to ensure good dynamic characteristics of rotating system is the thing worthy of note.

在多工位制笔机械的小动力头旋转系统中，转子与其支承之间是依赖小间隙约束而构成完整系统的，机组失效也总是最先表现在这类小间隙约束的破坏与失效上，而机组振动则是导致小间隙约束破坏的直接原因。

ABSTRACT in the first part of this thesis, the interaction between cu-sn and ni-sn interfacial reactions in a soldering system has been studied by using a ni-sn3.5ag-cu sandwich structure. a layer of cu-sn intermetallic compound was observed at the interface of the ni foil after 30 seconds reflowing.

在电子元件高功率及及轻、薄、短、小化的要求下，热一直是造成电子元件失效的原因之一，BGA封装的主要失效原因是作为接点的锡铅共熔合金（63Sn-37Pb；或称锡球）的疲劳破裂，这是导因於封装体不同材料间热膨胀系数的差异所造成的热应变。

The quorum cluster including only three quorums is a small quorum system; every two quorum clusters intersected only one quorum. Circle quorum system used self-adaptive fault-tolerant protocol, which decided to use voting protocol or mutual exclusion protocol based on the failure probability and number of points of one quorum.

Circle Quorum系统采用了自适应容错协议，根据quorum内部节点的非等失效概率和失效个数决定采用选举协议还是互斥协议。quorum中所有节点组成选举quorum，其中，具有高可靠性的若干节点组成高性能响应子quorum。

According to the statistics show that the valve plunger pump cover up failure of the more prominent, and its failure mode of the main fracture.

据统计资料表明，柱塞抽油泵上阀罩失效情况较突出，其失效形式主要为断裂。

According to specific character of research object, via much study work, analyzing many cases of non-heat pressure vessel invalid and combining test result in electric power industry .It analyse and summarize the main reason of hydrogen pressure vessel of electric power plant.This essay carry out crazing performance test of hydrogen causing material .

根据研究对象的具体特点，通过大量的调研工作，分析了大量有关非热力压力容器失效的案例，结合电力行业内已有的检验结果，对电站氢气压力容器失效的主要原因进行了分析和总结；进行了氢致材料开裂性能实验。

Dr Unger and Dr Scherer suggest that this failure of the leptin mechanism, particularly its role in oxidising lipids, is crucial to the development of metabolic syndrome, and that it is a pathology of adipose tissue that has become overloaded.

昂格尔博士和谢勒博士指出，leptin机制的失效，尤其是在氧化脂类方面的失效对代谢综合症的发展有着关键性的影响，而且这也是过度负载的脂肪组织的一种病状。

It is considered that fatigue crack is early produced on drill pipes, because the vibration load of drilling tools in air drilling is more severe than that in mud drilling. Fatigue cracks easily occur under alternating vibration. Because the current wellhead detecting instruments can not be used to reflect the change of pump pressure produced after drill pipe piercement timely and accurately, effective measures can not be taken in time to prevent the expansion of fatigue cracks. As a result, drill pipe fracture accidents occur.

失效分析表明，钻杆属于早期疲劳断裂，断裂主要原因是在空气钻井过程中钻具受到的震动载荷远大于钻井液钻井过程中的震动载荷，在交变的震动载荷作用下，钻具容易产生疲劳裂纹；由于现有的井口检测仪表不能精确及时反映钻杆刺穿之后产生的泵压变化，无法及时采取预防措施，疲劳裂纹不断扩展，最终导致了钻杆断裂失效。

It is considered that fatigue crack is early produced on drill pipes, because the vibration load of drilling tools in air drilling is more severe than in mud drilling. Fatigue cracks easily occur under alternating vibration. Because the current wellhead detecting instruments can not be used to reflect the change of pump pressure produced after drill pipe piercement timely and accurately, effective measures can not be taken in time to prevent the expansion of fatigue cracks. As a result, drill pipe fracture accidents occur.

失效分析表明，钻杆属于早期疲劳断裂，断裂主要原因是在空气钻井过程中钻具受到的震动载荷远大于钻井液钻井过程中的震动载荷，在交变的震动载荷作用下，钻具容易产生疲劳裂纹；由于现有的井口检测仪表不能精确及时反映钻杆刺穿之后产生的泵压变化，无法及时采取预防措施，疲劳裂纹不断扩展，最终导致了钻杆断裂失效。

Theoretically the pump blade failure mechanism was worn on, the impact of wear failure leaves the various factors was analyzed, combined with practice pumping station operation and maintenance experience, the focus at a reasonable selection, surface heat treatment, non-metallic protective coating alloy powder spray repair welding and welding six aspects, premature wear of the pump blade technical measures and repair methods was prevented in order to enhance its effective life.

理论上阐述了水泵叶片磨损失效的机制，具体分析了影响叶片磨损失效的各种因素，并结合泵站运行实践和维修经验，重点在合理选材、表面热处理、非金属涂层防护、合金粉末喷焊和补焊等6个方面，提出了防止水泵叶片过早磨损的技术措施和修补方法，以提高其有效的使用寿命。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。