天文学的

In the Chapter 1 of this thesis, we gave brief introduction to the development of X-ray astronomy observations, which is one of the most important and active parts of modern astronomy. Due to the research experiences, we introduced ASCA X-ray satellite and Chandra X-ray Observatory in more details.

X射线天文学已经逐渐成为现代天文学最为活跃的部分之一，本文首先简单介绍了X射线天文观测诞生以来的发展经历，因研究经历的原因，我们对ASCA X射线卫星及Chandra X射线天文台进行了较详细的介绍。

"A height of between 80,000 and 90,000 feet is as much as can reasonably be expected, and so balloon-borne instruments can contribute little to either ultra-violet astronomy or X-ray astronomy."

它们可望升到的最大高度为80，000至90，000英尺，因此球载仪器无法对紫外天文学或X射线天文学作出贡献。

To bring about a shift in how Astro 101 is taught similar to that motivated by Hake's study of introductory-physics teaching, we conducted a national study in collaboration with instructors who agreed to use the LSCI, to determine the effectiveness of various teaching strategies in Astro 101 classes.

为了使天文学101的教学方法发生转变，使之类似于黑克在基础物理学研究中所推行的方法，我们跟同意使用 LSCI 的教师协作，进行了一项全国性的研究，以便确定在天文学101的课堂教学中各种教学策略的效果。

The motives for his introduction of an astronomical system different from that of Schall could also be two-faceted. Firstly, under the influence of the dispute between Lansberge's Copernican school and the Tyconic school in Europe, he apparently became a sympathizer of Lansberge's system. Secondly, being quite aware of the serious errors of Tychinic astronomy in some calculatoins, like a number of other Jesuit Fathers doing, Smogulecki was pobably trying to replace it with Lansberge's system, which he believed to be more exact.

至于他为什么要介绍一种不同于弟谷体系的天文学系统，原因也有两个方面：首先，他明显受到当是欧洲哥白尼和弟谷两大天文学派之间的论战的影响，并且对哥白尼学派的主张持同情态度；其次，于许多入华耶稣会士一样，穆尼阁很明白，弟谷体系在天文计算中仍然存在很大误差，所以想用他认为更加精密的兰斯伯格的天文学系统来对它加以取代。

We tried hard to understand his astronomical work as a whole in order to discuss more thoroughly the reason of the failure of the Chinese traditional calendrical astronomy in the calendar reform in the late Ming Dynasty.

一些学者对明末传统历法复兴的有关问题以及邢云路的天文历法工作进行过研究和探讨，该文则将邢云路的工作看作一个整体放在明末传统天文学复兴和历法改革的背景中进行细致讨论，力图对他的工作形成整体性的认识，以期深入探讨传统天文学在明末改历中失败的原因。

On the other hand, however, the book already made Smogulecki a "dissident" both within and without the Jesuit circles in China, given the sensitive role of calendrical astronomy in both the Chinese society and the Jesuit mission to China. The fate of this "dissident" and his book within the Jesuit circles affords quite for thought.

不过，尽管如此，由于天文学在中国社会以及耶稣会传教工作的地敏感地位，穆尼阁对汤若望引进的天文学系统的批判实际上已经使他成为耶稣会中的&异议分子&，而这位&异议分子&和他著作在耶稣会中的命运也颇为耐人寻味。

These postulations opened new horizons for astronomy: for the first time extending astronomy beyond the solar system to galactic and extragalactic realms.

这些猜测为天文学开创了崭新的视角：第一次把天文学从太阳系扩展到银河与外银河领域。

With a comprehensive analysis of the astronomical work Huan Yu Shu Yao witten byr Ma Dexin (1794-1874), a Qing minority nationality scholar who had shdied adroad, this Paper holds that the work has some distinguishing features in the research of the Hui calendar, introduction of Galileo's heliocentric theory, and observation of stars and planets. It also makes imortant achievements in drawing charts of the heliographic distributon of sunspots, the surface of the moon and the surfaces of the five big p...

该文全面剖析了我国近代最早出洋的科学家马德新的天文学著作《寰宇述要》，指出这部著作在对回回历法的研究、哥白尼学说的介绍、恒星行星观测以及太阳黑子分布图、月面图、五大行星表面图的绘制等方面均具有特色，在我国天文学史上占有一定的地位，是一部有广泛影响的我国少数民族科学家的天文学专著。

As astronomy was one of the most important braches of science, it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.

因为天文学是一个重要的科学分支，因此英国政府赞助了天文学部分所有的设备和经费。

At first,the various fractals of different levels in astronomy and cosmology are introduced.

在引入天文学和宇宙论中不同层次的分形后，把它推广到任意直线型的泛分形理论和一般化的分形天文学。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。