天文学

Records such as the Almagest show he had a sophisticated scheme for predicting both lunar and solar eclipses.

像《天文学大成》（公元二世纪时托勒密作的天文学数学名著

The exact date of the sculptor is not known. However, scholars assume that it was made sometimes after 150 A.D. because of the representation of the vernal equinox on the globe, which is similar to that in Ptolemy's Almagest.

我们并不知道这座雕像确切完工的时间，但是学者们推估它应该是西元150年之后的作品，因为Atlas肩上的地球仪呈现出已知春分的天文学知识；而托勒密(生卒年约为85-165 AD)的天文学的书Almagest就曾提到此点。

In the Chapter 1 of this thesis, we gave brief introduction to the development of X-ray astronomy observations, which is one of the most important and active parts of modern astronomy. Due to the research experiences, we introduced ASCA X-ray satellite and Chandra X-ray Observatory in more details.

X射线天文学已经逐渐成为现代天文学最为活跃的部分之一，本文首先简单介绍了X射线天文观测诞生以来的发展经历，因研究经历的原因，我们对ASCA X射线卫星及Chandra X射线天文台进行了较详细的介绍。

VOICE: Professor, someone told me the other day, Astronomically speaking, man is

教授，某一天，有一个人告诉我：从天文学角度来说，人类是天文学

Unless you have a good knowledge of astronomy, which I do not, this is difficult.

除非你有很好的天文学知识，我并不懂天文学，那就很困难。

Besides, the following two features of the book seem to be very incomprehensible: on the one hand, the book includes a full-scale version of Western astrology, not only medical and meteorological one permitted by the Catholic Church, but even natal astrology forbiden by the chruch as well; on the other hand, at the high time when the Tychonic system of calendrical astronomy constructed by Johann Terrenz Schreck (1576-1630), Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1591–1666) and Giacomo Rho (1593－1638) had been contributed by Schall himself to the newly founded Qing dynasty which had officially adopted it immediately, Smogulecki was preaching in the book a system based on Philippe van Lansberge's (1516 – 1632) heliocentric astronomy, and openly claimed that Schall's Tychonic system still committed a number of deficiencies and was outdated, and therefore should be replaced with the Lanbergian system.

另外，该书的两大特点也令人不解：首先，其中包含有完整版本的西方星占学知识，不仅包括天主教会允许的医学和气象星占，而且还包含受教会禁止的生辰星占；其次，在汤若望(Johann Adam Schall von Bell，字道未，1591–1666)等人介绍到中国来的弟谷天文学系统已经被清朝政府正式采纳，传教士的信誉已经微妙地与这种天文学系统紧密地联系在一起的情况下，穆尼阁居然在书中介绍了以哥白尼"日心地动"说为基础的斯伯格(Philippe van Lansberge， 1516 – 1632)天文学，而且还公然宣称，汤若望引进的系统存在许多不足之处，已经过时，应该用兰斯伯格的天文学加以取代。

The main branches of a spherical astronomy, practical astronomy, astronomy and astronomical azimuth geodynamics.

主要的分支学科有球面天文学、实用天文学、方位天文学和天文地球动力学。

Complete Principle of Measurement , as the basic literature of large calendar mathematics series Chongzhenlishu, was the beginning of the Western trigonometry, spherical astronomy and measurement into China, involving area, volume measurement, flat triangle, spherical trigonometry and spherical astronomy's theory as well as measuring instruments'applying. Complete Principle of Measurement embodies Chongzhenlishu's axiomatic mathematics and astronomy and makes a contribution to the further spread of the Western learning.

《测量全义》作为编撰大型历算丛书《崇祯历书》的基础文献，是西方三角学、球面天文学及测量术系统传入我国之始，涉及面积、体积测量，平面三角、球面三角和球面天文学的基本理论以及测量仪器的制造和使用等，是《崇祯历书》中公理化数学和天文学体系的体现，为西学的进一步传播做出了贡献。

Besides, the following two features of the book seem to be very incomprehensible: on the one hand, the book includes a full-scale version of Western astrology, not only medical and meteorological one permitted by the Catholic Church, but even natal astrology forbiden by the chruch as well; on the other hand, at the high time when the Tychonic system of calendrical astronomy constructed by Johann Terrenz Schreck (1576-1630), Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1591–1666) and Giacomo Rho (1593－1638) had been contributed by Schall himself to the newly founded Qing dynasty which had officially adopted it immediately, Smogulecki was preaching in the book a system based on Philippe van Lansberge's (1516 – 1632) heliocentric astronomy, and openly claimed that Schall's Tychonic system still committed a number of deficiencies and was outdated, and therefore should be replaced with the Lanbergian system.

另外，该书的两大特点也令人不解：首先，其中包含有完整版本的西方星占学知识，不仅包括天主教会允许的医学和气象星占，而且还包含受教会禁止的生辰星占；其次，在汤若望(Johann Adam Schall von Bell，字道未，1591–1666)等人介绍到中国来的弟谷天文学系统已经被清朝政府正式采纳，传教士的信誉已经微妙地与这种天文学系统紧密地联系在一起的情况下，穆尼阁居然在书中介绍了以哥白尼&日心地动&说为基础的斯伯格(Philippe van Lansberge， 1516 – 1632)天文学，而且还公然宣称，汤若望引进的系统存在许多不足之处，已经过时，应该用兰斯伯格的天文学加以取代。

Modern and practical astronomy was developed in the 18th century, and successively from the theoretical and practical solution to the Sino-satellite instrument measuring time, too Seoul Scott multi-satellite measurements such as latitude, as well as simultaneous determination of longitude and latitude Supreme Court means the emergence of theodolite, contour instrument, the satellite instrument, zenith instrument, photographic zenith tube, sextant and other useful astronomical instruments, the most commonly used is the optical theodolite .20 century, all-round practical field of astronomy 60 years after the emergence of new technologies, such as satellite Dhoop Le observation and satellite laser ranging, not only the accuracy of more than optical observations, but also greatly improved operating speed, and can provide direct point of geocentric coordinates of the ground.

现代实用天文学是18世纪发展起来的，先后从理论和实践上解决了中星仪测时、太尔各特测纬以及多星等高法同时测定经度和纬度的方法，出现了经纬仪、等高仪、中星仪、天顶仪、照相天顶筒、六分仪等实用天文学仪器，最常用的是光学全能经纬仪。20世纪60年代以后实用天文学领域出现了崭新的技术，如人造卫星多普勒观测和人卫激光测距，不但精度超过光学观测，而且作业速度大大提高，并能直接提供地面点的地心坐标。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。