大陆间的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Over the past few years, the economic ties between Taiwan and China have been cemented.

过去几年来，台湾与大陆间的经贸已经加强。

There are in Africa none of those great inlets, such as the Baltic and Adriatic seas in Europe, the Mediterranean and Euxine seas in both Europe and Asia, and the gulphs of Arabia, Persia, India, Bengal, and Siam, in Asia, to carry maritime commerce into the interior parts of that great continent: and the great rivers of Africa are at too great a distance from one another to give occasion to any considerable inland navigation.

在欧洲，有波罗的海与亚得里亚海；在欧亚两大陆间，有地中海与黑海；在亚洲，有阿拉伯海峡，波斯湾，印度湾，孟加拉湾和暹罗湾。这些海湾把海上贸易延伸到这些大陆的内地。然而，非洲却没有这样的海湾，而非洲的大河又相距太远，因此不能引起大规模的内地航行。

To our interest, the pairwise comparison of species in Hominoid suggested a higher Ka / Ks ratio than that in the Old World M onkey or between the Old World m onkey and marmoset, which showed existent of different pattern of evolution.

有趣的是，人猿超科两物种比较呈现较高的Ka/Ks比值，但在旧大陆猴中及旧大陆猴与狨猴间的Ka/Ks比值显著低于人猿超科的，呈现很不同的格局。

Prescription patterns differed with some countries: Japan had higher dosage and antipsychotic polypharmacy; Singapore had high utilization of depot injections while China had high prescription of clozapine.

有些国家间的处方模式也不同，日本习惯高剂量及复方用药，新加坡习惯注射高剂量孕激素，中国大陆较多使用氯氮平。

This research is in accordance with "The Integrating Reference Frame of Public Affair Management" to demonstrate "The policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area" and apply Moore 's V.C.S., the triangle strategic analysis in Value, Capacity and Support addressed in 1995, in searching for the reference variables in value, capability and support while making policy and explain the different comprehensions among each policy-maker by the mold of Social Judgment Theory, SJT, engaging in the questionnaires of SJT and proposing the policy modification after comparing with general questionnaires to enhance the acceptance of the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area.

本电子全文仅授权使用者为学术研究之目的，进行个人非营利性质之检索、阅读、列印。请遵守中华民国著作权法之相关规定，切勿任意重制、散布、改作、转贴、播送，以免触法。论文使用权限校内校外完全公开统计本论文已被浏览 3499 次，被下载 434 次摘要本研究系依循「公共事务管理整合参考架构」现象面对「大陆学历采认政策」作政策论证，再应用Moore（1995）所提出的V.C.S。（Value， Capacity， Support）策略三角分析，寻找政策在价值面、能力面及支援面上的决策参考变数，并应用社会判断理论（Social Judgment Theory， SJT）的模式实施SJT问卷来解释不同决策者间的认知差异，并对照一般问卷后提出政策修正建议，以提升大陆学历采认政策接受度。

Eased up globally and prosperously and it influenced that the mainland China investment environment has transferred to difference, the Taiwan trader goes to the mainland China to make the investment and ease up, the wages causes China to work and is generally deficient and organize to promise, but in a situation that ' there are few much monks of gruel ', Chinese workers to begin with the psychology that waits for the right price to sell, force enterprises to improve salary and conditions, The Chinese workers loyalty influence Taiwan treader invest to China seriously.

本研究根据管理制度、工作满足以及组织承诺等方面的关连性，透过问卷方式收集台资企业在大陆地区的员工现况，并以统计分析的变异数分析以及回归分析探讨管理制度、工作满足以及组织承诺等议题中各相关因子与构面间的差异性与相关性，并依据分析结果，分析大陆劳动的个人属性、管理制度与工作满意度、组织承诺间的相关性，作为台资企业在大陆地区人力资源的筛选以及降低如何劳动离职率的参考。

The collision of Indian plate and Euro-sian plate affects Fujian and its neighbouring sea region by several blocks side-ransferring in China continent.The obduction and jam of Philippines-ea plate to Taiwan southeast margin of Euro-sia continent also affects this region. The jointly affection still exists today. The former is stronger than the latter while the velocity field of the former is homogeneous and the one of the latte is not homogeneous.

印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞通过中国大陆内部各块体间的侧向传递和菲律宾海板块对台湾欧亚大陆东南沿的仰冲与挤压，同时作用到福建及其邻近海域此种联合作用现今仍在继续进行中，前者的影响比后者更强烈，但前者形成的速率场均匀，而后者不均匀。

The main work of this dissertation is as follow:Based on understanding teleseismic waveform utilization, history of receiver function development, extract receiver function, receiver function inversion and stack, debug the receiver function extract and inversion routine.

同时日本海俯冲带是世界上最古老的俯冲带之一，是研究俯冲带的俯冲对大陆构造运动的影响，俯冲板块与地幔的相互作用，特别是俯冲板块对地幔间断面形态的影响以及俯冲带是否穿过660km间断面等问题的最佳场所。

The East China coast is composed of a series of Arc Islands formed by the Pacific Plate subducting to the Asian Continental Plate.

中国大陆东部受太平洋板块向亚洲大陆板块的俯冲，形成一系列岛链，而岛链间的海峡是中国通往世界的咽喉水道。2004年中国国内生产总值136515亿元人民币(约为16854亿美元)，外贸交易总额达11548亿美元，其中90%以上的对外贸易是通过海洋运输实现的，而马六甲海峡—南海航线最为重要。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。