大陆的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

This new strategic reality may be understood as another form of the bipolarity of global powers seen during the Cold War.

新的战略现实可以被理解为冷战期间世界两极力量的另一种表现形式，世界现在不是被分割为两个超级大国所控制下的区域，而是被分割为相对稳定的、有秩序的、繁荣的、相互联系和相互依赖的区域--也就是主要在欧亚大陆的大部分地区、亚洲的东北和东南部以及北美地区的所谓全球化国家--和相对不稳定的、无秩序的、经济衰退的、国家之间较少相互联系或相互依赖的地区，包括亚洲的东南部一部分、南亚和中亚、中东的大部分地区，撒哈拉以南非洲，以及加勒比海和拉丁美洲的部分地区。

Simultaneously with the emergence of the continental drift hypothesis, Li Siguang actively approached and dealt with the problem of continental crust horizontal movement and, in combination with the reality of China's mainland, developed the theory of intracontinental collision deformation, i.e., the geomechanic theory and method that included the global continental tectonic system.

中文摘要：本文简要地介绍了魏格纳大陆漂移说的主要内容及其提出的依据；论述了在大陆漂移说的基础上，由于海洋地质地球物理调查发现了大洋中脊、洋底扩张，解释了大陆张裂的机制，并建立了全球板块构造理论，形成现代地学思想的革命；李四光在大陆漂移说提出的同时已在积极地探讨和论述大陆地壳水平运动问题，并结合中国大陆实际，发展了陆内碰撞变形理论，即包括全球大陆构造体系在内的地质力学理论和方法。

Firstly, we collected and sorted out the GPS data, established the uniform velocity field for the Chinese mainland and the surrounding regions, and the horizontal deformation field relative to the Eurasia plate; Secondly, we established a motion model for the entire rotation and homogeneous strain of the first and second level blocks in Chinese mainland, analyzed the motion pattern and strain behavior of active blocks in Chinese mainland, as well as the motion pattern of principal fault zones in Chinese mainland; Thirdly, considering the heterogeneity of strain distribution inside a block and supposing that the strain tensor inside the block is the linear function of location, we derived and established an equation for the entire rotation and linear strain of block and a motion model for the entire rotation and linear strain of principal blocks in Chinese mainland; We also calculated the principal strain field and the maximum shear strain field in Chinese mainland and the surrounding regions, analyzed the basic characteristics of strain field in Chinese mainland, as well as the relationship between the spatial distribution of strain field and large tectonic zones; Finally, we established the 2-D geotectonic model and digital model for Chinese mainland and the surrounding regions, calculated the stress field in Chinese mainland and the surrounding regions, and analyzed the basic features of stress field in Chinese mainland and the principal driving force for the motion and deformation in Chinese mainland.

收集整理了已有GPS资料，建立了中国大陆及周边地区统一的速度场以及相对欧亚板块的水平形变场；建立了中国大陆一、二级地块整体旋转与均匀应变的运动模型；分析了中国大陆活动地块的运动状态，应变状态，以及中国大陆主要断裂带的运动状态；考虑到一个块体内部应变张量空间分布的非均匀性，假设块体内部的应变张量是位置的线性函数，推导建立了块体整体旋转与线性应变方程，建立了中国大陆主要地块整体旋转与线性应变的运动模型；计算了中国大陆及周边地区的主应变场与最大剪应变场，分析了中国大陆应变场的基本特征，以及应变场的空间分布与大型构造带的关系；建立了中国大陆及周边地区二维的地质构造模型和数值模型，计算了中国大陆及周边地区的应力场，分析了中国大陆应力场的基本特征以及中国大陆运动、形变的主要驱动力。

Kinematics and geodynamic modeling of continental deformation, along with thermal-rheological structure of the continental lithosphere are all emphasized here for study in future.

所以，大陆动力学应注重开展大陆变形的运动学、大陆岩石圈的热－流变学结构和大陆变形的地球动力学数值模拟研究。

The general feature of deformation caused by the collision between two continents also reveals that, during the collision process, apart from a foreland basin and high mountains being formed, there is another compressive depression with an asymmetric structure developed on the side of the obducted plate, which is much easier to be formed when the dip angle of the collisional fracture zone is between 15° and 30° and is the deepest with a dip angle of 30°. This implies that the compressive depression is controlled by both subduction and obduction between two continents.

从大陆与大陆碰挂变形构造特征看，除发育前陆盆地－山脉系统外，在仰冲陆块一侧靠近造山带后缘还发育呈不对称结构的挤压性凹陷，当两个大陆板块碰撞断裂带倾角在15~30°时，该类型凹陷更容易形成，其中以30°倾角对应的凹陷最深，反映其形成可能是大陆碰撞过程中陆块之间相对俯冲和仰冲运动的综合结果。

The empirical study discovers that:(1) The information technology companies in Taiwan that invest in China shows better financial performance, growth opportunities and company assets than those that don't. It indicates that the companies investing in China have better performance, higher growth in the future, and the tendency to expand;(2) In terms of the relationship between the scale of investment and the performance of the parent companies, the information technology companies listed in Taiwan show an S curve while the top 100 information technology companies in 2005 lead to a U curve, which indicate that information technology companies adopt different management methods at different stages. The enterprises with better sales don't exceed the optimal degree of investment;(3) The growth opportunities of the information technology companies listed in Taiwan investing in China have positive

实证结果发现：（1）台湾资讯电子业赴大陆投资在财务绩效、成长机会与母公司规模皆高於未赴大陆投资者，显示出赴大陆投资者绩效较好、未来具有较高的成长、有大型化的趋势；（2）台湾上市柜资讯电子公司与2005年前百大排名电子公司大陆投资程度与母公司绩效关系分别呈现S型与U型，显示资讯电子业在不同阶段有不同的经营模式，营收较佳的企业未超过最适的投资程度；（3）台湾上市柜资讯电子业赴大陆投资之成长机会对财务绩效具正向影响，显示出大陆投资之成长机会愈高，则有较佳的财务绩效；（4）台湾上市柜资讯电子业之大陆投资程度会影响母公司成长机会，显示随著大陆投资程度的变动，明显牵动母公司的成长机会。

In this thesis, the comic art of David Ives, one of the most famous contemporary American playwrights, is looked into with reference to the development of comedy and universal comic devices, and a comparison and contrast between Ives" artistic creation and Chinese comedies is made in a hope that Ives" one-act plays may be of use for reference to Chinese comic drama. The thesis concludes that Ives can be of advice to Chinese playwrights in their understanding of the nature of comedy as an artistic genre and their selection and treatment of the subject matters in their comedies.

本文以喜剧作为一种话剧类型的发展变化为大环境，介绍了当代美国最负盛名的喜剧作家之一的David Ives及其最受欢迎的几部作品；依据喜剧令人感到滑稽，容易发笑的机制，分析了喜剧创作中常用的幽默设计，笑料制造的手法；在Ives的几个代表独幕剧剧作的基础上探讨了其喜剧艺术，并将此与中国大陆的喜剧创作进行比较对照，以期国内的喜剧作家们能从中受到某些启发，最终对中国喜剧创作的繁荣和进展起一定的借鉴作用。

Io io was the daughter of a rivergod.she was loved,run after and won by zeus.hera became so greeneyed that she flew down from olympus one day to pay her rival back .zeus,however,had foreseen her arrival and changed io into abeautiful white little cow.seeing through the trick,hera asked for the cow as a present and zeus had to give in to her wish .then she left the cow to the care of a hundredeyed monster,argus.argus'' eyes were ever open and no escape was possible.unable to bear to see her so unhappy,zeus sent hermes down todestroy the monster.dressed up as a shepherd,hermes lulled argus to sleep with his sweet songs and long stories,then killed him and set io free.but hera''s anger was not to be calmed downyet.she sent a gadfly to attack the cow and drive her from land to land.in her misery the cow passed over the strait which divides europe and asia.in this way the strip of water got itsname bosporus ,the way of the cow.she wandered over thesea,which by chance got from her its name the ionian sea .in the end she arrived in egypt where she was turned back into hernatural form .she settled down and gave birth to a son,some of her children remained in egypt and ruled as kings for a longtime.

伊俄伊俄是河神的女儿，宙斯爱她、追求她、并得到了她。赫拉对此嫉妒不已。一天她飞下奥林波斯山向情敌施加报复。然而宙斯早已预见到她的光临，就将伊俄变成了一头美丽的小白牛犊，赫拉看穿了其中的诡计，非要一头牛犊作为礼物。宙斯无奈，只得让她如愿以偿。赫拉便将牛犊托付给百眼魔鬼阿刚斯看管。阿刚斯的眼睛永远睁着，要想逃脱是不可能的。看到伊俄如此忧郁，宙斯简直无法忍受，便令赫耳墨斯将魔鬼铲除。赫耳墨斯乔装成牧羊人给阿刚斯唱悦耳动听的歌，讲冗长乏味的故事以哄他入睡。之后便寻机杀死魔鬼，释放了伊俄。但赫拉的狂怒并未消除。她派了一只牛虻去攻击牛犊，使她颠沛流离。在十分悲痛之中，牛犊穿越了分隔欧亚大陆的海峡。从此这片狭长的水域被称作博斯普鲁斯海峡，意为牛犊之路。她接着漫游过海，这片大海也就在偶然中有了名称——伊奥尼亚海，最后她到了埃及，并恢复了她本来的体态和容貌。她在那里落户并生了个儿子。她的一些子孙就呆在了埃及，当了很长时间的国王。

That's what our Founding Fathers did after winning independence, when they tied together the economies of the thirteen states and created the American market. That's what Lincoln did in the midst of the Civil War, when he pushed for a transcontinental railroad, incorporated our National Academy of Sciences, passed the Homestead Act, and created our system of land grant colleges. That's what FDR did in confronting capitalism's gravest crisis, when he forged the social safety net, built the Hoover Dam, created the Tennessee Valley Authority, and invested in an Arsenal of Democracy. And that's what Kennedy did in the dark days of the Cold War, when he called us to a new frontier, created the Apollo program, and put us on a pathway to the moon.

我们的开国元勋们在赢得独立后就是这么做的，他们把13个州的经济结合起来，开创了美国市场；林肯在南北战争期间就是这么做的，他推动修建横贯大陆的铁路，成立了国家科学院，通过了《宅地法》，创立了由政府赠地的州立学院体系；富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福就是这么做的，面对最严重的资本主义危机，他打造了社会保障&安全网&，修建了胡佛大坝，创建了田纳西州河谷管理局，投资兴办了&民主兵工厂&；肯尼迪在冷战期间也是这么做的，他号召我们奔赴&新边疆&，制订阿波罗计划，引领我们奔向月球。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。