大陆性

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The result shows that horizontal and vertical anisotropy exist in this region.

反映了欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海横向和纵向存在着明显的非均匀性。

Tropical eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean ; cross equator flow ; Australia anticyclone ; circulation system ; summer

热带东印度洋—西太平洋海域；越赤道气流；澳洲大陆冷性高压；环流系统；夏季

The special point is people in Taiwan have deep appetency and awareness of Japanese and its culture that Mainland Chinese can't have common feeling with.

最特别的一点就是，对于日本人、对日本文化的认知及其亲和性；住在大陆的同胞与在台湾土生土长的同胞在这方面是有着很大的差异的。

Commensurability ; feature of strong earthquake ; China Continent

可公度性；强震特征；中国大陆

The general one is the theory of the model of tatbestand, illegality and responsibility.

在大陆法系，具有代表性的犯罪构成理论体系有许多种，其中构成要件符合性、违法性和有责性的体系居于通说的地位。

Compressional and tensional continenta l margins are located in east and west ends of Pacific Ocean.

摘 要：东、西太平洋存在压性和张性两种不同类型的活动大陆边缘。

All the Civil Law countries not prohibiting establishing multi-hypothec on the same stake, when the discussed situation comes into being, once the prior hypothec confused with the ownership, it is possible that the benefit balance between the owner and the subordinate lien obligee will be broken because of the sequence and the impartibility of the exertion of hypothec.

大陆法系国家的民法都不禁止在同一物上设定多个抵押权，当多个抵押权竟存于同一物上时，由于抵押权的行使具有次序性和不可分性，在先次序抵押权与所有权混同时，可能会导致所有权人和后次序抵寸甲权人之间的利益失衡。

Such features are typical of ancient lower continental crust, e.g., Archean granulite terranes that experienced extensive U-Th loss and developed time-integrated low radiogenic Pb compositions. The occurrence of the west Ujimqin andesites indicates the existence of ancient continental lower crust beneath the NE China fold belt.4 The Mesozoic granitoids in the Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi block have lower Nd ε_(Nd =-3.5～+ 2.1, T_ = 1.0～1.27Ga and highly radiogenic Pb and Sr isotopic composition ~(206Pb/~(204)Pb = 18.4～18.9,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr = 0.705～0.711, suggesting that the pelagic sediments of the Paleo-Asian Ocean or their metamorphosed derivates were an important component in the region.5 The Pb isotope mapping results show that the mafic rocks in the northern Hinggan Mountains have higher and weakly variable ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb ratios than those from the southern Hinggan Mountains and the Liaoyuan-Yanji area.

该套岩石的出现为证明东北地区存在古老大陆下地壳提供了重要证据。4张广才岭-佳木斯地区中生代花岗岩表现出低ε_(-3.5～+2.1)、高T_(1.0～1.27Ga)和高放射成因Sr~(87Sr/~(86)Sr=0.705～0.711和Pb同位素组成~(206Pb/~(204)Pb=18.4～18.9，反映了古亚洲洋远洋沉积物或变沉积岩为区域地壳的重要组分之一。5同位素填图结果表明，大兴安岭北区基性火山岩表现出较高且变化小的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值；而南兴安岭-辽源-延吉地区中生代基性火山岩整体上表现出相对北区低~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb同位素比值特征。

The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum evolution approach in Mega. The negative selection sites were analyzed by using Datamonkey. There is an apparent 30 bp nucleotides deletion mutation in homonids FKN comparing to that of Old World Monkeys besides other point mutations. Homology of nucleotide sequence between human and chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, macaque and leaf monkey is 99.2%、98.4%、98.1%、96.5%、95.9% and 93.8% respectively. Homology of amino acid sequence of them is 98.5%、98.0%、97.7%、94.7%、93.7% and 90.5% respectively.

序列分析发现人猿超科较旧大陆猴FKN基因除了有散在的点突变外，还有一明显的30bp的核苷酸缺失突变；人FKN基因序列与黑猩猩、大猩猩、红毛猩猩、长臂猿、猕猴和叶猴的同源性分别是99.2%、98.4%、98.1%、96.5%、95.9%和93.8%，由此推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别是98.5%、98.0%、97.7%、94.7%、93.7%和90.5%；FKN基因进化树表明人与黑猩猩关系更近，FKN基因进化和通常认为的物种进化一致；Datamonkey分析结果显示FKN存在3个负选择位点53Q、84D、239N。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。