大进化

Notable findings include a theory to explain the extended ontogenetic and brain development periods of big-brained organisms, fMRI research on the neural correlates of romantic attraction, an evolutionary view of sex differences in spatial cognition, a theory of language evolution that draws on recent research on mirror neurons, and evidence for a rudimentary theory of mind in nonhuman primates.

值得注意的结论包括一个理论解释大打死的生物体的被延长的ontogenetic 和大脑开发周期， fMRI对浪漫的吸引力的神经的相关数的研究，性空间认知的差别的进化的意见，一个动用新近的对镜神经元的研究的语言演化，以及一个在非人类的大主教里的记忆的初步的理论的证据的理论。

Sis as the out-group. The molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by NJ method using software MEGA 3.1, and three populations of M. nipponense were clustered first and then clustered with M. hainariense; M. rosenbergii and M. malcolmsonii, as well as M. Icr and M. latimanus had a closer genetic relationship and were clustered first, then they were clustered with M. carcinus and M. equidens, and finally with Fenneropenaeus chinensis.

用MEGA 3.1软件中的NJ法构建的分子进化树，日本沼虾3个群体先聚在一起后与海南沼虾聚在一起；另外，罗氏沼虾与马氏沼虾、短腕沼虾与贪食沼虾亲缘关系较近先聚在一起，然后再与大臂沼虾和等齿沼虾聚在一起，最后才与外群中国明对虾聚在一起。

Taking isolate USA as outgroup, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by means of maximum parsimony analysis, and the genetic evolution among isolates was analyzed.

以USA为外类群利用最大简约法构建了大豆疫霉根腐病菌的系统发生树，并分析了菌株之间的遗传进化关系。

The evolutionary relationships were investgated by comparing the results from molecular data alone or molecular data combined morphological characters using different analysis methods: maximum parsimony by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0 and Bayesian inference by MrBayes 3.0B4. Base composition and ti/tv of 28S rDNA D2 regions were analyzed by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0. The results showed that GC content of the 28S rDNA D2 gene sequences of subfamily Euphorinae ranges from 40.00% to 49.25%. Transversion frequency of sequence variable sites among species of Euphorinae was higher than that of transition. The subfamily Euphorinae was proved to be a paraphyletic group with close relationship to subfamilies Neoneurinae and Cenocoelinae; only two tribes, Meterorini and Microctonini, were proved to be monophyletic groups; Centistini, Cosmophorini, Euphorini and Dinocampini were paraphyletic groups; the basal position of tribe Meterorini within Euphorinae was partially supported by our phylogenetic trees, and tribe Microctonini was proved to be a group at the top of the trees.

结果表明：优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动，而对于碱基替代情况来讲，优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换大于转换；不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群，而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群；在优茧蜂亚科内部，悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini（排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis）为单系群，而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群；悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持，同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。

The results showed that Mephitinae was divided from Mustelidae firstly,and then the remain were divided into two branches.Martes species and Wolverine were contained in one branch which was formed a sister group with Eurasian badger of Melinae;Lutrinae species and Polecat of Mustelidae formed a sister group,and Marbled polecat was sister to the clade of Lutrinae species and Polecat.They formed another branch.Eurasian badger has the closest relationship with the Sable of Martes,and Lutrinae has the closest relationship with Mustelidae.

以狼为外类群，应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树，结果表明：臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来，随后剩余类群分为两大支系，即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支，并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群；另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群，再与虎鼬聚在一起，狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近，水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近。

A novel evolution algorithm with select-best and prepotency operator, named as select-best and prepotency evolution algorithm, was proposed.

提出一种寻优性能良好的优选优生进化算法，该方法与实数编码、线性交叉的遗传算法相比，计算复杂性低，离线性能和在线性能都有较大的改进，全局寻优能力明显提高。

The probability vector can be viewed as a prototype vector for generating solution vectors that have high evaluations with respect to the available knowledge of the search space. Compared with the general genetic algorithm, PBIL discards the complex and problem-correlation operators, which always affect the algorithm's performance highly.

相对于常规遗传算法，PBIL进化算法抛弃了复杂的且对算法性能影响很大的交叉、变异算子，而引入竞争学习的机制，以概率矢量的方式通过采样来产生下一代群体，然后选出群体中最优个体对概率矢量进行更新，直至最后收敛。

The researchers determined that over a span of 46 million years, rafflesia's flowers evolved a 79-fold increase in size before assuming a slower evolutionary pace.

研究者们认为在长达4600万年的时间中，大花草花的尺寸增长了79倍，之后才以一较慢的速度进化。

A key characteristic of Evolutionary Project Management is that it enables the project manager to re-plan at the beginning of every step in order to maximise the Return on Investment to stakeholders.

阿进化项目管理的主要特点是能够在每一步开始的项目经理，重新规划，以取得最大的投资回报率的利益相关者。

The site provides significant representation of Australia's biodiversity with ten percent of the vascular flora as well as significant numbers of rare or threatened species, including endemic and evolutionary relict species, such as the Wollemi pine, which have persisted in highly-restricted microsites.

大蓝山地自然保护区内有占世界数量百分之十的维管植物，还有许多珍稀濒危物种，是澳大利亚生物多样性的又一完美体现。该保护区内的珍稀濒危物种包括许多具有当地特色的，堪称"活化石"的进化残遗动植物，比如只在很小的特定区域内可以生存的梧莱米松树。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。