大进化

The research scopes include plant taxonomy, floristics and biogeography, the origins and phylogenies of higher plants, population biology and conservation genetics, Evo-Devo and evolutionary genomics.

主要研究内容包括：植物分类、区系和生物地理学，植物大类群的起源和系统发育重建，居群生物学和保护遗传学，进化发育生物学和进化基因组学等。

As a result of analysis to many of the results of experiment, checked up on specimens, field investigation and combining with the theories of palaeobotany, comparative morphology, evolutional morphology of vascular plants and taxonomy, it can be concluded as following: the primitive sorts of Cycadaceae are the sorts that pinnate leafs are dichotomy; among these, the sort that pinnate leafs are tripinnate-dichotomy is most primitive, from this sort gradually evolve to bipinnate-dichotomy, to only for monopinnate-dichotomy, from this sort evolve to the sorts that pinnate leafs are simply pinna; among the sorts of simply pinna, the species that segments of megasporophyll possess much more triplicate to monodichotomy are most primitive.

经过大量的实验结果分析、查阅标本和野外调查，结合古植物学、比较形态学、演化植物学和分类学等理论进行分析，认为苏铁科原始的类型为羽叶呈二歧状分叉的种类，其中最原始的又是羽叶呈三回二歧状分叉的种类，从这个羽叶类型逐渐演化出一回二歧状分叉的羽叶类型，再演化出羽叶为单羽状的类型；而单羽状叶的类群中，又以大孢子叶侧裂片具三回、二回及一回二歧状分叉数量多的种类为最原始，而侧裂片二歧状分叉数量少的为较进化，侧裂片无二歧分叉的如拳叶苏铁类为最进化的种类。

A Pareto Genetic Algorithm is developed through constructing a set of operators and strategies based on the definition of the Pareto solution.

基因遗传算法最成功之处在于揭示了生物进化和遗传的发展过程，而进化NASH平衡最大的成功之处是揭示了这个发展过程的最终结果。

At least one suborder of trilobites, the Agnostina , are thought to be primarily eyeless . None have ever been found with eyes. In contrast, a few secondarily eyeless species (in which a clear evolutionary trend toward reduced eye size with eventual disappearence of eyes altogether) have developed within several groups, even those known for large, well-developed eyes ( e.g., Phacopina).

在最少一个亚目的三叶虫 Agnostina 中，通常是盲目的，这类三叶虫从来没有发现过眼睛的构造，以此相对的，一些很少的其他亚盲目的种（一些进化了简单的眼睛的物种）是比较进化的，甚至是一些大个体的，有很好的眼睛发育的种，如 Phacopina。

In a study of New Zealand's "living dinosaur" the tuatara, evolutionary biologist, and ancient DNA expert, Professor David Lambert and his team from the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution recovered DNA sequences from the bones of ancient tuatara, which are up to 8000 years old.

在研究新西兰"活恐龙"刺背鳄蜥的过程中，同为进化生物学家和古遗传专家的大卫·兰伯特教授以及他来自艾伦·威尔逊分子生态与进化中心的团队鉴定出，从古代刺背鳄蜥骨骼中提取分析所得的DNA序列竟有8000年之久。

There are no distinct differences between ancestral character state and descendant character state in some characters. 4. Only one outgroup can't give enough information to tell what the ancestor looks like. It make us not to understand how a lot of charactors evolved. 5. The matsutake group is polyphyletic. 6. The character coding is not precise enough. 7. Some characters are not homology. The result of molecular systematic study on the matstuake group shows the group is not monophyletic. The matsutake group is more closed to Tricholoma than Armillaria. ITS sequence of Catathelasma ventricosum is nearly identical to that of the matsutake group, although apparently they are very different from each other in morphological characters.

对松口蘑群通过形态学特征进行系统发育关系分析造成很大的干扰的原因有：松口蘑的种类大多形态特征比较简单，可提供进行分析的特征不多；某些性状在一些状态之间的反复转化，造成分析上的误差；在进化过程中某些性状无明显的祖征和衍征，在分析过程中很难确定进化极性；选择外群时应该用一个特定类群进行整体理解后，确定各个性状的极性，不要只用单种作为外群；松口蘑群是一个多系群；进行比较的性状不一定是同源的；数量性状编码过于粗放，反映不出真实的情况。

The result was consistent with morphology of Pleuronectiformes on the whole.In the topology founded,Scophthalmus maximus and Solea senegalensis formed an independent branch each other and showed far relationship with species of Bothidae and Pleuronectidae,the phylogenic position of Solea senegalensis is accorded with the reported result of analysis made by mitochondrial genome.

运用PAUP软件对15种鲽形目鱼类与另外7种不同种属鱼类进行了分子系统进化树分析，结果与根据传统的形态学和生化特征分类进化地位基本一致，在15种鲽形目鱼类中只有大菱鲆和塞内加尔鳎各自单独形成一个分支且与鲆科和鲽科鱼类相距较远，其中塞内加尔鳎等种类的分类地位与根据线粒体DNA序列分析的系统发生模式基本吻合。

IEPA was combined with neural network by the new algorithm, multi-layer feed-forward neural network structure was replaced with RBF neural network structure, and back propagation algorithm was replaced with IEPA, then, expected side-lobe suppression quota was rapidly waisted.

该算法将进化规划算法和神经网络结合起来，用径向基RBF神经网络结构取代多层前馈网络MFNN（Multilayer Feedforward Neural Nerworks）结构，用改进进化规划取代反向传播算法BP，可以以较大概率快速的收敛到要求的旁瓣抑制指标。

Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation is one of the largest groups of ecologists and evolutionary biologists in the UK.

简要介绍生态、进化和保护中心是英国最大的生态学家和进化生物学家团体之一。

And the complete cDNA sequence of GSTR was 1002bp in length, containing a coding region of 678bp (encoding 225 amino acids). Results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the orange-spotted grouper was very similar to the GSTA of other fishes, such as common carp and zebrafish. The GSTR existed only in fish, but not in any other aquatic animals or land mammals (e.g. rat, mouse and human).

构建系统进化树发现，斜带石斑鱼与鲤鱼、斑马鱼GSTA氨基酸同源性较高，而GSTR为鱼类所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝，与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物GST现有所有类型同源性均较低。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。