大进化

By means of the total cognition, linear evolutional theory and comprehensive history writing (also assisted by the annals and hitory pictures), this kind of teleological narrative shows a tendential plot of "5-stage-socety" and spreads a gist of the political faith education, which demands the educated to know" where we're from-where were now-where were to go".

这种目的论制导的历史叙事，通过整体认知方式、线性进化观和大通史写作手法，并配以大事年表和表象插图，彰显出&五阶段论&的趋势论情结，传播了一种政治信仰教育的要旨，即要受教育者弄明白&我们从何而来－现处何地－将奔向何方&。

In the course of ev olution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimped ed view.

在进化过程中，灵长目动物的眼睛变大，同时鼻子变小以使视野不受阻碍。

For example, the basic angiosperm stem is vertical and elongated, but some cacti have swollen water-storing stems, while other xerophytic plants that have lost their leaves during the course of evolution have evolved flattened leaflike stems for photosynthesis, e.g.

例如被子植物的茎是垂直的，伸长的，但一些仙人掌具有膨大的能够储水的茎，另一些旱生植物在进化的过程中失去了叶子，但又发展为利用扁平叶状的茎来进行光合作用。

If that evolution makes the virus more virulent, so much the worse for the host.

如果这种进化增强病毒毒性，对宿主的危害也就越大。

Evolutionarily, males may have had to confront a stressor either by overcoming or fleeing it, while women may have instead responded by nurturing offspring and affiliating with social groups that maximize the survival of the species in times of adversity.

在进化中，男性可能不得不面对的是一种应激要么通过克服或逃避它，而女性则可能有回应，反而透过培育后代affiliating与社会群体最大限度地生存的物种，在逆境的时候。

In theevolving history of the individualization of punishment thought,Theindividualization of punishment avouched by the Jindai school have largeinfluence.

在刑罚个别化思想的发展史上，近代学派所主张的刑罚个别化影响非常大，但是近代学派所主张的刑罚个别化已进化为现代刑法中的个别化。

"But like any other behavior that doesn't lead directly to reproduction—such as aggression or altruism—same-sex behavior can have evolutionary consequences that are just now beginning to be considered," he said."For example, male-male copulations in locusts can be costly for the mounted male, and this cost may in turn increase selection pressure for males' tendency to release a chemical called panacetylnitrile, which dissuades other males from mounting them."

&但是如其他并不直接影响繁殖的行为-如挑衅或利他行为，同性间的性行为也可能产生进化结果，这一点刚开始加以考虑&他说，&比如，蝗虫中雄性之间的交配对被交配的雄性来说代价很大，但同时也增加了选择力，因为雄性接下来会释放一种叫panacetylnitrile的物质，这种物质能阻止其他雄性来跟它交配。&

"The male who ejaculates the greatest number of sperm may win at this game, and hence many bats have evolved outrageously big testes," Pitnick said.

Pitnick认为：睾丸能射出最多精子数量的雄性蝙蝠在交配中才有可能胜出，因而许多蝙蝠通过进化，都有了超常大的睾丸。

Complete genome sequences of 20 viruses in Bunyaviridae loaded from NCBI were analyzed by two biological softwares of DNAMAN and DNASTAR. The results indicated great variability in both nucleic acid sequence and protein structure between plant viruses and animal viruses:(1) only plant viruses could encored NSm in M genome;(2) the length of nucleic acid sequence and protein sequence was different;(3) GC content of nucleic acid of animal viruses was higher than plant viruses of that;(4) protein topology analysis by online software SMART discovered that there was significant difference for the structure of glycoproteins G(subscript nG between animal-infecting and plant-infecting viruses;(5) usually, protein of plant-infecting virus had more complicated structure, more low compositional complexity and had N-Signal peptides except INSV.

本文从NCBI数据库下载具有完整基因组序列的布尼亚科病毒的5个属20种病毒的序列，用生物学软件DNAman，DNAstar进行比对分析，发现布尼亚科病毒属中的植物病毒在核酸序列及蛋白结构上与动物病毒有很大差异：(1)只有植物病毒的M基因组能编码NSm运动蛋白；(2)植物病毒和动物病毒在核酸序列和蛋白质序列长度均有差异，表明该科病毒是进化速度较快的病毒；(3)植物病毒核酸序列的GC含量低于动物病毒；(4)通过SMART网络软件进行蛋白质拓扑结构分析发现植物病毒和动物病毒在糖蛋白GG的结构上存在显著差异；(5)植物病毒糖蛋白结构较为复杂，有较多的紊乱区域，除INSV外，其他病毒都具有N端信号肽。

In evolutionary psychology, researchers such as David Buss contend that the bulk of research findings that were uniquely predicted through adaptationist hypothesizing comprise evidence of the methods' validity.

在进化心理学领域，像大卫·巴斯这样的一些研究者们声称，大量研究结果是通过适应主义者的假设独一无二地预测到的；这一事实本身就证明了适应主义方法的有效性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。