大进化

Those research shows that geographic isolation plays a more important role than genetic isolation in the phyogenesis of Abies.

研究表明：在冷杉属树种的系统进化过程中，地理隔离比遗传隔离发挥了更大的作用。

After thecomplete genome extraction of the strain was performed, the genomic DNA was partiallydigested by restriction enzyme Sau3AⅠ, the DNA fragments from 1 to 5Kb was clonedinto prokaryote expression vector pET-28a-c, and transformed host bacteria. The resultsshowed that we succeeded in constructing the gene expression library of haemophilusparasuis serovar 5, which is fundamental for the study of advanced gene screening. Inaddition, primer design was performed based on haemophilus influenzae in this study. In addition, PCR was performed by using genomic DNA of haemophilus parasuisserovar 5 as the template. The results demonstrated that we obtained two neo-gene:23SrRNA gene(conserved gene belonging to the large-subunit of ribosome) and adenylatecyclase gene(encodes adenylate cyclase and participates in converting adenyl nucleosidetriphosphate to cyclic adenosine3",5"-monophosphate). Furthermore, the phylogeneticanalyses between the species was performed, and neighbor-joining tree was constructedbased on comparison of 23S rRNA gene sequences, so it was illuminated betweenHaemophilus parasuis and other species in molecular evolution relationship.

选择我国流行优势菌株副猪嗜血杆菌血清5型地方株为研究对象，提取细菌基因组DNA，用限制性内切酶Sau3AⅠ对基因组DNA进行部分酶切，回收大小为1～5Kb的DNA片段，将其连接入原核表达载体pET-28a-c，最后转化宿主菌，结果成功地构建了基因表达文库，为后续的基因筛选工作奠定基础；另外，本研究选择嗜血杆菌属的流感嗜血杆菌为参考对象进行引物的设计，以副猪嗜血杆菌血清5型地方菌株的基因组DNA为模板，进行PCR扩增反应，结果表明成功地获得两个新基因：23S rRNA基因(存在于核糖体大亚基中的保守性基因)和腺苷酸环化酶基因(负责将腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸转变为环腺苷酸)，并进一步做了不同物种之间的分子系统发育分析，构建了基于23S rRNA基因的邻接法系统发育树，阐明了副猪嗜血杆菌与其它菌种的分子进化关系。

According to molecular,we can vested them in Agaricomycetidae,Agaricales. The effects of temperature, nutriments, illumination and other factors on the germination of the spores of Lasiosphaera fenzliiand Calvatia gigantea were firstly studied in this paper.

利用rDNA ITS序列进行分析并建构系统发育树，结果表明了脱皮马勃Lasiosphaera fenzlii和大秃马勃Calvatia gigantea的亲缘关系较近，根据分子系统发育进化树可将其归属伞菌亚纲、伞菌目。

Apparently, the giant panda's evolution from Ursus to Ailuropoda required the change of only a few genetic messages (5 or 6 perhaps), yet the phenotypic and lifestyle change from a standard bear is considerable. The transition could therefore be effected relatively swiftly.

显然，从熊到大熊猫的进化只需要少数遗传信息（也许5或6个遗传信息）的改变；然而，在表型和生活方式上与一头标准熊相比，发生了相当大的改变；而且这种转变过渡可能是相对迅速地达到的。

Andrias amphibians are more original type, is to study the evolution of animals living fossils.

大鲵是两栖动物中较为原始的种类，是研究动物进化的活化石。

Gloydius which belong to Viperidae Crotalinae is a colony of advanced viper.Their live environments are diversiform: jokuls, altiplanos, hills and plains. Gloydius isa group has highly differentiation and in a phase of radialization evolution, even thedifferent colonies of same species have diversity in morphologic and gene level. Chinahas abundant Gloydius, but the genetic diversity and their distribution pattern are littleresearched.

亚洲蝮属隶属于蝰科、蝮亚科，是一类高等的毒蛇，其分布范围广泛且生境差异较大，从雪山、高原、丘陵至平原，是一个高度分化、适应多种环境条件的类群，且尚处于辐射进化阶段，甚至同一物种的不同地理种群已表现出明显的形态和基因水平的差异。

Generally dioecious figs have greater adaptive capacity than monoecious ones and can exist in higher seasonal environment.

因此，中国榕属植物的资料对从大地理尺度研究种和种间协同进化具有重要的参考价值。

Lastly, based on analysis on phylogentic relationships among 39 ciliates combined with their main morphologic characters, some conclusion were drawn: 1 the monophyly of the peritrichs was strongly supported, and its subclass rank in the class Oligohymenophorea is reasonable; 2 the genus Epistylis might not be monophyletic, and the peristomial area, especially the peristomial lip, might be an important phylogenetic character within the genus Epistylis; 3 the taxonomic rank of the genus Carchesium and the genus Campanella were suggested to be adjusted; 4 Opisthonecta probably diverged from peritrichs with stalks; 5 the phylogenetic tree of peritrichs was reconstructed based on the molecular information inferred from SSrRNA gene sequences and the morphology.

测定了6科8属13种缘毛类纤毛虫的SSrDNA序列，将构建的最大简约树和邻接树与形态学相结合，分析得出：1）缘毛类纤毛虫是单系的，其分类地位是隶属于纤毛门寡膜纲缘毛亚纲：2）指出累枝虫属可能不是单系的，口围区是累枝虫属中重要的系统发育特征；3）建议调整独缩虫和聚钟虫属的分类地位；4）得出后游虫可能是由有柄缘毛类进化而来的类群；5）基于缘毛类反口区结构和SSrRNA基因序列提供的信息重建了缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育树。

Is the largest and most evolutional genus in Iridaceae.

是单子叶植物鸢尾科中最大的属，也是最进化的属。

Scientific research suggests that evolution has been shaped by major catastrophes that have almost extinguished all life on earth.

科学的研究表明，在进化过程中的大灾难，几乎消灭地球上所有生命。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。