大趾

Bunion 拇囊肿: a painful swelling on the side of the big toe, partly down to the anatomy of the foot and worsened by ill-fitting shoes

大拇趾一侧肿痛，由拇趾根部骨头排列异常所致，鞋子不合脚会使病情加重

A painful swelling of the bursa of the first joint of the big toe.

大趾内侧，会疼痛的肿炎。

To determine the early changes and process of formation of central polydactyly, syndactyly, and cleft hand, we experimentally induced these anomalies in the hind limbs of rat embryos and discussed the relationship among these abnormalities.

目的：在同一个病人有多种中心型多趾、并趾、裂手畸形组合常出现在各自的四肢，然而很少知道在四肢发育的过程中的趾线的异常诱导的早期变化，为了确定中心型多趾、并趾以及裂手畸形的形成过程和早期变化，我们通过实验在大鼠的下肢诱导这些异常并探讨这些异常之间的关系。

The constant nutritional arteries of the great saphenous vein-saphenous nerve on the medial foot: Perforator at medial side of the tendon of the tibialis anterior ,it is （2.27±0.43）cm distal to the intermalleolar line .it passes across the medial side of the tendon of the tibialis anterior and pierces the deep fascia between the upper and lower bundle of the inferior extensor retinaculum with a diameter of （0.72±0.04）mm;The length of it after piercing the deep fascia is （7.3±0.6）mm,It has an emerging rate of 95%; Perforator between tendons ,it is （3.02±0.39）cm distal to the intermalleolar line;it pierces the deep fascia between the tendons of tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus with a diameter of (0.57±0.06)mm ;The length of it after piercing the deep fascia is （7.4±0.6）mm .It has an emerging rate of 94%; A constant distal fascial perforator pierces the deep fascia between abductor hallucis muscle and medial side of first metatarsal bone （1.97±0.23）mm distal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint with a diameter of (0.50±0.03)mm.

足内侧大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管近端来自内踝前动脉较为恒定，外径较大的穿支有：踝间线远端（2.27±0.43）cm，经胫骨前肌腱内侧、伸肌下支持带上、下束间穿出，外径(0.72±0.04)mm ，穿出深筋膜的长度为（7.3±0.6）mm，出现率为95%；踝间线远端（3.02±0.39）cm，经胫骨前肌腱与趾伸肌腱穿出，外径(0.57±0.06)mm，穿出深筋膜的长度为（7.4±1.2）mm ，出现率为94%；3远端来自交通支最为恒定，外径较大的穿支于踇展肌与第一跖骨内侧缘之间穿出深筋膜，距第一跖趾并节近端（1.97±0.23）cm，直径（0.50±0.03）mm，穿出深筋膜的长度为（6.5±0.5）mm，出现率为100%。

The unoperated sides of the treated animals also served as controls. Six normal rats were treated as normal control group. Three different siRNA plasmid solution containing RC2-Ⅰ, MAFbx-Ⅱ, CON (50μl , 0.8μg/μl)was injected and transfected by electroporation as methods mentioned above, respectively. The changes of RC2 and MAFbx mRNA levels and RC2 protein levels after 3 days were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. On postoperative 2, 3 and 4 weeks, the rate of wet muscle weight preservation, mean diameter of muscle fiber and mean cross-section area of muscle fiber and muscle protein content were checked and then compared between group CON and group RC2 or group MAFbx, respectively. The differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Ultrastructural changes of muscle fiber were observed at 2, 3, 4 weeks postoperation.Results GFP plasmid was efficiently deliverd into muscle by electroporation and robust GFP expression in muscle could be observed more than three weeks. Histology shows that injected plasmid DNA diffuses extensively in muscle tissue.

1、健康雌性SD大鼠18只，随机分为电穿孔组和非电穿孔组，每组9只，制作右下肢趾长伸肌失神经支配模型；EP组为将质粒pEGFP-N1溶液50μl(0.8μg／μl)注射入右趾长伸肌后，立即于两侧腱腹交接处给予电穿孔，电穿孔参数为：电场强度为200V／Cm，脉冲100μs，频率1Hz，施加10次脉冲；NEP组仅质粒pEGFP-N1溶液注射；转染后1、2、3周，荧光显微镜下观察趾长伸肌中GFP的表达情况，转染后1周行Western印迹检测趾长伸肌中GFP蛋白的表达情况，检测和优化体内转染效率。2、健康雌性SD大鼠78只，随机分为失神经对照组、RC2基因治疗组(RC2组)，MAFbx基因治疗组，每组24只，制作右下肢趾长伸肌失神经支配模型，余6只为正常组；分别将含CON、RC2、MAFbx基因的siRNA重组质粒注射入趾长伸肌，之后给予电穿孔，方法同上；治疗后3天实时定量PCR和Western印迹检测各组中RC2或MAFbx基因的mRNA和蛋白的表达变化，治疗后2、3、4周检测各组肌湿重维持率、肌细胞直径和肌细胞截面积，肌细胞超微结构变化以及肌纤维中蛋白含量变化。

Objective: To explore the course, distribution of hallucal veins and its maximal diameter at different planes, and provide guide for designing of hallucal mini-tissue flap.

目的：了解趾静脉的走行规律及趾静脉不同断面的最大直径，指导临床趾微型组织瓣手术。

Results: The maximal diameter of dorsal hallucal veins was about (0.42±0.02)mm at the proximal 1/3 of distal phalanx,(0.54±0.12)mm at interpha langeal joint position,(0.64±0.18)mm at the distal 1/3 of proximal phalanx,(0.85±0.19)mm at the proximal 1/3 of proximal phalanx, and (1.04±0.30)mm at the position of metatarsophalangeal joint.

结果：趾趾背静脉各平面最大直径末节近1/3为(0.42±0.02)mm，趾间关节为(0.54±0.12)mm，近节远1/3为(0.64±0.18)mm，近节近1/3为(0.85±0.19 mm)，跖趾关节为(1.04±0.30)mm。趾趾背静脉大于等于(0.42±0.02)mm。

Effect of A_3 on carrageenin-induced rats paw edema Method:After peroral A_3 4 days, the rats paw edema models induced by CGN were prepared. The rat paw edema was tested at

A_3对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足肿胀的影响方法：连续灌胃给药4天(1次/天)后，采用角叉菜胶制备大鼠足趾肿胀的炎症模型，观察角叉菜胶致炎后1，2，4，6 h药物对大鼠足趾肿胀的影响。

Wearing flats can lead to severe heel pain and blisters, crowding toes and conditions such as hammertoes and bunions.

穿平底鞋可能导致严重的脚后跟疼痛和起水泡，脚趾拥挤和其它的状况，就如：槌状脚趾和大趾内侧的炎肿。

A shoe worn too big or too small will result in a stud being directly under the first MTP joint, affecting the joint as well as the sesamoids (the two small bones under the joint which protect it).

一个太大或者太小的球鞋的鞋钉会直接位于跖趾关节肌肉的下方，这样会对跖趾关节肌肉和籽骨(在跖趾关节肌肉下提供保护的2个小骨头)有不好的影响。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了