大尺度

Here the micro- scare varies from a building to a city or a forest ecosystem .

这里的微小尺度小到单一建筑物大到一座城市或一森林生态系。

What we need is integration of the data and precepts of everything from molecular biology to the geobiology of mass extinctions and evolutionary rebounds - entities and processes of vastly different spatiotemporal dimensions.

我们需要的是整合数据资料和一切教训，从分子生物学到大灭绝和进化反弹的地理生物学——差异极大的时空尺度中的实体和过程。

Rather big difference exists between China and Europe in global geochemical mapping.

欧洲和中国在全球尺度地球化学填图做法上存在较大的差异。

The first part is preface, on the basis of expounding the background, the purpose, the meaning and the thinking of the thesis study, briefly introduce the research achievements of domestic and international urban spatial structure; the second part is summary, expatiate on the connotation, component, research span and space type of urban spatial structure; The third part is theory foundation, mainly introduce the three classical models of city spatial structure in the west country (concentric circles mode, fan-shaped mode and multi-core mode) and the relative city development theories (growth pole theory, dot-axis theory, core-fringe theory, metropolis circle theory and city space evolution theory); The fourth part is general situations of study region; The fifth part is the analysis of Lanzhou city spatial structure evolution, along the historical venation Of city development, on the basis of analyzing industrial structure change, focus on and sumup the characteristics of spatial development and form, meanwhile, analyze factors which influences the spatial development; The sixth part is the analysis of Lanzhou city spatial development trend, put forward the development models of Lanzhou city spatial structure from three space aspects(the core city, the city, region) in the future, they are group gobbet structure, fingers structure, circle structure; The seventh part is to mainly put forward the development strategies for the different spatial structure models.

第一部分为前言，在阐明论文研究背景、目的及意义、思路的基础上，简要介绍了国内外城市空间结构相关研究成果；第二部分为概述，对城市空间结构的内涵、组成要素、研究尺度及其空间类型作以介绍；第三部分为理论基础，主要是对西方城市空间结构的3大经典模型(同心圆模式、扇形模式和多核心模式)以及与本研究相关的城市空间发展理论(增长极理论、点轴理论、核心——边缘理论、都市圈理论和城市空间演化理论)的介绍；第四部分为研究区概况，主要是对研究区域范围的界定及其社会经济发展概况介绍；第五部分是兰州城市空间结构演化分析，顺着兰州城市发展的历史脉络，在分析产业结构变动的基础上，着重对城市空间发展及其形态特征进行归纳总结，并分析了空间发展的主要影响因素；第六部分是兰州城市空间发展趋势分析，从中心城市、市域、区域3个空间层面上提出未来兰州城市空间结构的不同模式，即组团结构、指状结构、圈层结构；第七部分是城市空间发展策略，针对不同的城市空间发展模式提出一些对策建议。

The result indicated that (1) During 10 years, the number of unused land and grassplot was decreased, the other types of use land were increased;(2) The absolute index of land structure variation in Aksu area during 10 years was 8, among which the annual change of garden land and traffic land was great, the annual change of grassplot and unused land was small;(3) The relative change of introduced single type of land use indicated that there was significant regional difference in the change of land use in Aksu area.

结果表明：(1)在10年尺度上土地利用总体动态特征是未利用地和牧草地减少，其它土地利用类型增加；(2)10年间阿克苏地区土地结构变化绝对指数为8，其中：园地，交通用地的年变化率较大，牧草地、未利用地的年变化率较小；(3)引入的单一土地利用类型相对变化率，反映出阿克苏地区土地利用变化存在明显区域差异。

Theobserved strain is 10~2 times as local point strain at the same observed stress.This indicates that macroscopical symmetrical rock is quasi-brittle materialwith microcosmic heterogeneousness and its macroscopical mechanicalbehavior is the results of reciprocity and magnification between microcosmiccharacteristic, not simple sum.(4) The degree of irregularity of strain increases with the number of cycle.But degree of irregularity of transverse strain fluctuates larger at the samecycle. Moreover degree of irregularity of transverse strain is larger than that ofaxial strain. This shows that deformation and failure of rock is process ofevolvement of small crack. Small crack evolves from even and out-of-orderstatus to heterogeneous and ordinal status.(5) Ultrasonic speed decreases with the number of cycle. The decreasecourse is such: Firstly, ultrasonic speed fluctuates in a steady scope in somecycles; And then ultrasonic speed quickly decreases to a certain more smallvalue; Afterwards in succedent cycles, ultrasonic speed fluctuates about thevalue. That is to say, ultrasonic speed fluctuates and decreases at intervals ofcycles. In deformation process of rock, quantitative change and qualitativechange of its small crack evolvement carry through crosswise.(6) Strength and modulus of rock decrease with exponential function asscale of specimens increases.

同一表观应力下，局部点应变与表观应变相差可达2个数量级，表明宏观上均匀的岩石是具有细观特征的准脆性材料，其宏观力学行为是细观特征相互作用、放大的综合结果，而不是简单的叠加；(4)岩样轴向应变不均匀程度和横向应变不均匀程度随循环次数的增加渐进增大，但是在同一个循环内，横向应变离散系数随应力的变化波动较大，且同一循环级别下，横向应变不均匀程度大于轴向应变不均匀程度，表明岩石内部微裂纹的演化是岩石变形破坏的本质特征，这一演化表现为微裂纹从均匀无序分布逐渐向非均匀有序发展；(5)随循环次数的增加，所有岩样内部超声波速会出现衰减，衰减过程表现为在某几次循环内超声波速在某一相对范围内波动，然后急剧减小到某一较小值，在随后的循环内，超声波速又会保持在这一较小值附近波动，即超声波速表现为波动和急剧减小间隔形式衰减，表明从宏观看来平稳的岩石变形过程，内部结构演化过程(微裂纹发展及其相互作用)却表现为均匀量变和突发质变不断交叉进行的现象；(6)岩石强度和弹性模量随尺度增大呈指数函数规律减小。

The results indicate that the hexyl branches content has dramatically effects on the thermal properties and crystallization behavior. The shear effect on WAXD results is less than that on SAXS results which indicates that PEcO melt is relatively stable in a definite structure scale.

对剪切场下不同辛烯含量的PEcO的结晶研究发现：剪切对广角测试范围的结构影响较小，对小角测试范围的结构影响较大，说明乙烯-辛烯共聚物熔体在一定尺度范围的结构是比较稳定的。

The order ofinfluence degree from bigness to smallness is homogeneousness, density ofcrack, direction of crack, length of a single crack and scale.

它们对强度的影响程度从大到小依次排列为：均质度，裂纹密度，裂纹方向，单一裂纹长度和试件尺度。

Results showed that Latin Hypercube sampling can capture more variability in the sample space than simple random...

这表明由地统计学随机模拟所参数化的LANDIS模型可用于大时空尺度森林景观变化的预测

The first part of the whole, including: the main-scale displacement and the identification, map type, weight and general layout of calculating the focus of the plan is formally established; into the second performance, including: self-transformation and-line mapping, static water Calculation and static hydraulic curve, the stability of floating state calculation; third dip into the calculation; summed up into the fourth part, based on an evaluation of the design, lessons learned, the comprehensive knowledge.

第一部分为总体部分，包括：排水量及主尺度的确定、型线图、重量重心计算和总布置正式图的确定；第二部分为性能部分，包括：仿式变换与型线图绘制、静水力计算及静水力曲线图、稳性浮态计算；第三部分为大倾角计算；第四部分为总结部分，为本次设计作出评价，总结经验教训，综合所学知识。什么专业的？搞这么复杂的东西。报酬就免了，给了我也拿不到。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。