大尺度

Research makes clear as a result: TC measure has apparent seasonal change feature, average scale is in the biggest April, achieve 230.4km, the smallest Feburary, for 69.5km;TC measure apparent area distributings inhomogenous sex, the area of TC measure occurrence maximum is located in 28.6 ～ 29.5 ° N, 133 ° of 131.1 ～ on the offing of E, and it is to the south of 123 ° E with 12 ° N with south area, TC measure often is under 200km; the TC to different intensity, its measure and intensity luffing have apparent difference, tropical storm (the 24h measure luffing of TS) is the biggest, and typhoon (the dependency of measure of the biggest;TC and intensity is in the 24h intensity luffing of TY) is discrepant below different method, on northwest travel, westing, north model TC measure and intensity show remarkable positive to close, both correlation coefficient achieved 0.93 above, northeast travel and whirly model the correlation coefficient of TC measure and intensity is adjacent 0.6, change direction model the correlation coefficient of TC is in 0.85 or so; in addition, the dependency of TC measure and intensity in its the different level of life history also is put in notable difference, sending exhibition period, the dependency of measure and intensity is best, its correlation coefficient...

探究结果表明：TC尺度有明显的季节变化特征，平均尺度在4月份最大，达到230.4km，2月份最小，为69.5km；TC尺度有明显的区域分布不均匀性，TC尺度出现最大值的区域位于28.6～29.5°N，131.1～133.0°E的海面上，而在123°E以东和12°N以南地区，TC尺度往往都在200km以下；对于不同强度的TC，其尺度和强度变幅有明显差异，热带风暴的24h尺度变幅最大，而台风的24h强度变幅最大；TC尺度和强度的相关性在不同路径下是有差异的，西北行、西行、北上型的TC尺度和强度呈显著的正相关，两者的相关系数达到了0.93以上，东北行和回旋型的TC尺度和强度的相关系数接近0.6，转向型TC的相关系数在0.85左右；此外，TC尺度和强度的相关性在其生命史的不同阶段也存在显著差异，在发展期，尺度和强度的相关性最好，其相关系数。。。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

We examined the relationship between the jet stream and activity of synoptic-scale disturbance Q, which depicts intensity of synoptic-scale disturbance in a period of time, and the relationship between the jet stream and transient eddy heat flux.

通过分析急流与天气尺度波动活动量Q(用于描述某一时间段内天气尺度波动活动强弱程度)、热量涡动输送的关系，发现：在气候平均意义下，天气尺度波动活动量在6、 8月份较大，这意味着在这两个月中，天气尺度波动较为剧烈。

The main research tasks and results are as follows:(1) Through comparing the stress intensity factor of compact tension specimen calculated by finite element software with the theoretical value, the feasibility of calculating fracture parameters of crack tip in ABAQUS software was verified.(2) The relationship between the elastic modulus of the material and research scale was studied based on deriving the cohesive stress theory and other relevant theories. And the elastic modulus of the material on meso-scale was determined.(3) Global model and sub-model of the finite element were built in th...e macro-scale, and stress-strain field nearby the crack tip was analyzed, and the results show that the detailed stress-strain in the crack tip could be obtained by using the sub-model technique.(4) In meso-scale, the crack growth model was also established by assuming the crack propagating along the grain boundary, and the detailed stress-strain field in the crack tip was obtained.(5) The effect of crack length on Von Mises stress, and maximum principal stress and strain was analyzed in meso-scale when equivalent KI equals 30MPa.m1/2. And the results show that except for crack tip area, the stress-strain distribution in whole specimen is not affected.

主要完成研究内容和取得成果如下：(1)利用有限元软件计算出紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI值，其结果与理论值一致，从而验证了利用ABAQUS计算裂纹尖端相关断裂参量的可行性；(2)在研究内聚应力等相关理论的基础上，推导出了研究尺度与材料弹性模量的近似关系，并确定了介观尺度上的弹性模量；(3)在宏观尺度上建立了全局有限元计算模型和子模型，得到了裂纹尖端应力应变场分布，结果表明利用子模型技术获得比较准确的裂纹尖端应力应变场分布是可行的；(4)在介观尺度上利用平均晶粒尺度的方式建立了裂纹沿晶扩展模型，得到了裂纹尖端断裂过程区的微观应力应变场；(5)当应力强度因子为30MPa.m1/2时，分析了介观尺度上在裂纹沿晶扩展过程中裂纹长度对Mises应力、最大主应力和应变的影响，结果表明，裂纹扩展长度对试样整体应力应变分布影响不大，而对裂纹尖端区域有较大影响；(6)介。。。

Overdense regions attract more matter, while underdense regions attract less, and thus these small anisotropies we see in the CMB become the large scale structures we observe in the universe today.

高密度的区域吸引更多的物质，而低密度的区域吸引的更少，因此这些我们在CMB上看到的小的各向异性变成了我们今天在宇宙中看到的大尺度结构。

The abrupt change in large-scale circulations is the important factor inducing this process.

2大尺度环流突变是本次过程发生的重要原因。

Most cosmologists who hold standard model,however, insist thatthe universe be homogeneous on large scale.

宇宙物质在大尺度上是否均匀分布，将由下一代的红移巡天的结果来判断。

Nuclear Physics 1930, the Star of energy will be satisfied with the solution to the rapid development of the internal structure of stars; Hours map and based on the experimental results, the establishment of a stellar evolution of scientific theory. Einstein's general theory of relativity, in 1917 by the structure of the universe, the establishment of a relativistic cosmology. In 1929 the Hubble Space Telescope found redshifts and distances of the future, relations between the people of the gravitational theory of general relativity River from the data objects, size and structure of the material movement and the formation of modern cosmology.

三十年代原子核物理学的发展﹐使恒星能源的疑问获得满意的解决﹐从而使恒星内部结构理论迅速发展﹔并且依据赫罗图的实测结果﹐确立了恒星演化的科学理论。1917年爱因斯坦用广义相对论分析宇宙的结构﹐创立了相对论宇宙学。1929年哈勃发现了河外星系的谱线红移与距离间的关系﹐以后人们利用广义相对论的引力理论来分析有关河外天体的观测资料﹐探索大尺度上的物质结构和运动﹐这就形成了现代宇宙学。

Liverpool's architectural landscape combines a large-scale World Heritage Site, decrepit buildings and a variety of renovations, refurbishments and new builds.

利物浦的建筑景观结合各种大尺度世界建筑遗产：破旧的建筑、各种翻新、整修后的建筑和新建筑。

Long believed to exist in large quantities, it enters into many theories of the origin of the universe and its present large-scale structure and into models of gravitation and other fundamental forces between particle s.

长久以来相信有大量的暗物质存在，纳入许多宇宙起源与大尺度结构的理论，也进到重力及其它粒子基本力的模式之中。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。