大尺度

This indicates that the importance of surface friction on the structure of front in boundary layer. Probably this is the first time that the structure similar to the gravity current is obtained in deformation frontogenesis model. On the problem of moist physical processes on the frontal rainbands, by using the explicit cloud physical scheme in cloud model the interactions of cloud scale processes with the frontogenetical circulation are studied emphatically.

在湿物理过程对锋面的影响以及锋面雨带产生问题上，利用云模式的显式云物理方案处理湿物理过程，在考虑到大尺度气流影响的情况下，着重研究中尺度和云尺度过程与锋生环流的相互作用，讨论了变形场锋生条件下锋面雨带的发生发展规律。

The frontogenesis process involves in the interactions among the systems of multiple scales. Since the hardness of the nonlinear problem, it is difficult to study frontogenesis analytically. The introduction of the effects of orography, friction and diabatic processes generally makes impossible the analytical resolution of the problem and leads to the use of numerical models. Primitive equations are numerical integrated together with a detailed description of physical processes. The circulation obtained is then used to diagnose and test theoretical mechanisms. It should be noted, however, that a fully description of frontogenesis in explicitly resolving the of large-, meso- and micro-scale flow in the same framework is not yet possible because of the excessive computer capacity and the time required. In order to deal with the problem, the action of large-scale background has been simplified and taken into consideration through the addition of the forcing into the nonhydrostatic cloud model.

大气锋生是一种多尺度相互作用的过程，理论研究遇到非线性的困难，在考虑地形、摩擦、非绝热等物理过程之后，解析研究更加棘手，通过数值模拟搞清其中的物理机制是重要的研究手段，但是把大、中、小尺度甚至微尺度的系统及其相互作用过程在一个模式里同时模拟好仍然受计算机速度和容量的限制，本论文在非静力云模式中通过强迫方式加入大尺度变形场的作用，在考虑到大尺度背景作用的同时，可以充分利用云模式所提供的丰富物理过程、非静力和高分辨率特点，开展一些过去较难进行的研究工作。

The effects of the large-scale forcing on the regional climatic anomaly are through the spread of the stationary wave trains and the teleconnection; The local mesoscale forcings among the domain influence on the motion of the atmosphere through the thermal and dynamic process of the atmosphere inside.

最后我们通过对内外因作用的分析，探讨了大尺度强迫引起的大尺度环流背景和区域内下垫面条件异常等中尺度强迫影响区域气候变化的过程和机制。

The results of the experiment confirm that the turbulence in the constant volume combustion bomb pulsates tempestuously and the main part of the energy of the turbulence in the experiment distribute in the field of the frequency lower than 200Hz.

实验结果表明定容燃烧弹内的湍流是剧烈脉动的高度非定常流动，其中包含的能量主要集中在200Hz以下的低频区域，大尺度湍流在低频区域的能量比小尺度湍流的能量大得多，而且其能谱密度的峰值也大，对应的频率则稍高一些。

It is found that the GRAPES model is able to reproduce the observed atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum, including the transition to k-5/3 dependence in the small-meso scale. Meanwhile, there exists a maximum effective time-step, when the time-step is smaller/larger than the maximum effective time-step, the simulated kinetic energy spectrum gradually decays/unphysically grows as the time-step increases.

文中使用基于半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的全球/区域一体化模式GRAPES进行数值模拟试验，然后计算GRAPES模式的动能谱并与实际观测得到的大气动能谱比较，得到GRAPES模式能够很好地复制出实际大气动能谱的分布特征，包括从大尺度区域的E∝k-3关系向中尺度的E∝k-5/3关系的过渡特征。

One has proved that the viewpoint that the horizontal sidetrack is the most important technology for exploiting "large scale"unswept remaining oil in mature oilfields from three aspects.They are:(1) the horizontal sidetrack is the main technology for exploiting primary rich areas of"large scale"unswept remaining oil in mature oilfields;(2) the horizontal sidetrack can hit any rich area of"large scale"unswept remaining oil in reservoirs;(3) the cost of the horizontal sidetrack is more low in contrast with the vertical well and the conventional horizontal well.

从三方面论证了侧钻水平井是开采成熟油田&大尺度&未波及剩余油最重要的技术这一观点：①侧钻水平井是开采成熟油田&大尺度&未波及剩余油主要富集区的主要技术；②侧钻水平井可钻达油层中任何部位的&大尺度&未波及剩余油富集区；③侧钻水平井比钻垂直井和常规水平井费用低得多、更加经济。

With the results of monitoring the spatial patterns of cotton aphid populations in various stages, there are distinct spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of cotton aphid under large and small scales in different stages.

通过对大尺度和小尺度下不同阶段的棉蚜变异函数模型的拟合，得出大尺度和小尺度棉蚜空间分布在棉蚜种群不同发生阶段具有空间异质性，研究区域内，小尺度下棉蚜种群的空间异质性格局中平均有77.6%是由棉蚜种群内部的空间自相关造成的，而大尺度下这个比例达85%。

For the coarsest scale there are fewer local minima and further apart from each other. Thus, at the coarsest scale linearized methods can get closer to the neighborhood of the global minimum, and its final result is implemented as an initial model of the inverse problem of the second coarsest scale.

大尺度上反问题的目标函数局部极小少而且互相分得很开，因而用常规的反演方法可以较容易地收敛到全局极小的邻域内；将大尺度的解当作次一级尺度反问题的初始模型，再进行反演。

The result showed that the strong storm followed by mesoscale squall line was primary cause of strong sandstorm producing, steps and ladders short wave trough of 500 hPa was great criterion triggering system for the mesoscale squall line producing, the essential dynamic condition was provided by distortion field and the mesoscale low pressure of 700 hPa for the strong sandstorm forming and maintaining in mid-west of Hexi Corridor, the deep vertical circulation development condition was basic power that urged squall line to occur and sand dust to curl up, which was provided for the deep convection development by superimposition of lifting movement before ground cold front and ascendant current of secondary circulation in upper air jet entrance region, temperature and the barometric gradient around the cold front was enlarged by enhancement of ground thermal low and temperature diurnalvariation of afternoon, by which essential thermal energy unstable condition was provided for the gale and strong sandstorm eruption, the strong sandstorm appeared in downstream of -200 m^2s^(-2) center of vertical helicity, the vertical helicity had good instruction significance for development of squall line and landing region of sandstorm, the mesoscale squall line occurred in unstable stratification, basic condition of potential energy transforming as kinetic energy was provided by strong unstable stratification for the strong sandstorm forming and developing.

结果表明：中尺度飑线所伴随的强风暴是产生强沙尘暴的主要原因；500 hPa阶梯短波槽是中尺度飑线产生的大尺度触发系统，河西走廊中西部700 hp变形场、中尺度低压为强沙尘暴形成和维持提供了必要的动力条件；地面冷锋前上升运动与高空急流入口区次级环流的上升气流的叠加，为深对流发展提供了深厚的垂直环流发展条件，是促使飑线发生和沙尘卷起的基本动力；地面热低压的加强和午后气温的日变化加大了冷锋前后的温度和气压梯度，为大风、强沙尘暴爆发提供了必要的热力不稳定条件；强沙尘暴出现在垂直螺旋度为－200平方公尺/s^2中心的下游，垂直螺旋度对飑线的发展和沙尘暴的落区具有较好的指示意义；中尺度飑线发生在不稳定层结内，较强的不稳定层结为强沙尘暴形成、发展提供了位能转化为动能的基本条件。

In order to develop and modify Gregory scheme for cumulus convective parameterization,we make the improvement as follows:(1) The large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account and the organized inflow,which occurs in the area of large-scale moisture convergence and is directly proportional to it, is added to turbulent airflow.(2) The influence on saturation vapor pressure exerted by supercooled water is taken into account and the initial mass flux is adjusted. Based on diagnosis of the air heating and moistening, the downdraft airflow is adjusted.(3) Based on the character of our country heavy rainfall,which usually occurs in the mixed cloud consisted of stratocumulus and cumulus, the process of excessive convection is restrained by organized outflow in the top of cloud and improving downdraft current and by reducing the evaporation of rainfall and release of latent heat.

为了改进和发展Gregory积云参数化方案，(1)考虑了大尺度水汽辐合对积云对流的影响，即在混合卷入中加入有组织的卷入，让有组织的卷入存在于有大尺度水汽辐合的层次上，并且与大尺度水汽辐合直接成比例；(2)考虑了过冷水存在对饱和比湿的影响，调整了初始的质量通量，并且根据对大气加热加湿的诊断，调整了大气向下拖曳的强度；(3)根据我国降水多由层状云和嵌入其中的对流云混合产生的这一特点，对于过强对流过程进行抑制，在云顶加入有组织的卷出，同时加大向下拖曳的强度，减少蒸发以降低潜热的释放，抑制过强对流的发生。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。