大城市区域

Rim City, Randstad is a conurbation in the Netherlands consisting of the four largest Dutch cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht surrounding the Groene Hart, a large rural green region.

为城市， Randstad装边是一个集合城市在包括四个最大的荷兰城市的荷兰：阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹、围拢Groene牡鹿，一个大农村绿色区域的海牙和乌得勒支。

The first part is preface, on the basis of expounding the background, the purpose, the meaning and the thinking of the thesis study, briefly introduce the research achievements of domestic and international urban spatial structure; the second part is summary, expatiate on the connotation, component, research span and space type of urban spatial structure; The third part is theory foundation, mainly introduce the three classical models of city spatial structure in the west country (concentric circles mode, fan-shaped mode and multi-core mode) and the relative city development theories (growth pole theory, dot-axis theory, core-fringe theory, metropolis circle theory and city space evolution theory); The fourth part is general situations of study region; The fifth part is the analysis of Lanzhou city spatial structure evolution, along the historical venation Of city development, on the basis of analyzing industrial structure change, focus on and sumup the characteristics of spatial development and form, meanwhile, analyze factors which influences the spatial development; The sixth part is the analysis of Lanzhou city spatial development trend, put forward the development models of Lanzhou city spatial structure from three space aspects(the core city, the city, region) in the future, they are group gobbet structure, fingers structure, circle structure; The seventh part is to mainly put forward the development strategies for the different spatial structure models.

第一部分为前言，在阐明论文研究背景、目的及意义、思路的基础上，简要介绍了国内外城市空间结构相关研究成果；第二部分为概述，对城市空间结构的内涵、组成要素、研究尺度及其空间类型作以介绍；第三部分为理论基础，主要是对西方城市空间结构的3大经典模型(同心圆模式、扇形模式和多核心模式)以及与本研究相关的城市空间发展理论(增长极理论、点轴理论、核心——边缘理论、都市圈理论和城市空间演化理论)的介绍；第四部分为研究区概况，主要是对研究区域范围的界定及其社会经济发展概况介绍；第五部分是兰州城市空间结构演化分析，顺着兰州城市发展的历史脉络，在分析产业结构变动的基础上，着重对城市空间发展及其形态特征进行归纳总结，并分析了空间发展的主要影响因素；第六部分是兰州城市空间发展趋势分析，从中心城市、市域、区域3个空间层面上提出未来兰州城市空间结构的不同模式，即组团结构、指状结构、圈层结构；第七部分是城市空间发展策略，针对不同的城市空间发展模式提出一些对策建议。

in pearl river delta region,water environmental contamination featured big amount and mixed types and centralization of pollutant discharge with latent combined pollutants,striding boundary pollution,severe municipal pollution,the trend of regional pollution being extended from cities to rural area,infall of salty tide in recent years.as a result,the unwatered complexion was hastened due to bad water quality.the factors of water environmental contamination were analyzed as the natural factors including especial hydrographic net distributed pattern,water body runoff characteristic,water resource distributive regional difference,infall of ocean tide,and so forth; the artificial factors as inconsequence of economic development mode and distribution of industry and cities planning,lagging environmental infrastructure,indifferency of environmental consciousness,dissonance of economic development and environmental protection.

珠江三角洲地区水环境污染特点表现为：污染物排放量大、类型杂且集中，潜在复合污染出现，跨界污染突出，城市污染依然严重，并呈现出从城市向农村蔓延的区域性污染趋势，加上近几年咸潮入侵加剧，使区域水质型缺水的局面更趋紧张。造成这种污染局面的因素：一方面受控于区域内特殊的河网分布格局，水体径流特征、水资源分配的地区性差异以及海潮入侵等自然因素；另一方面也反映了区域经济发展模式，工业布局和城市规划不尽合理，环境基础设施滞后，环境意识淡薄，经济发展与环境保护不协调等人为因素所致。

The authors talked about civic space structure evolution on four cities of Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin, at city field scope and outspend, and also made a contrast between them from angles such as central city, city-region space echo and so on.

作者从中心城市的联系、城市与区域空间互动、区域产业协调发展等角度出发，运用区域经济学、城市地理学、经济地理学、城市与区域规划等相关学科理论，对大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨四城市在市域范围及更大尺度上的城市空间结构演进进行了比较研究。主要内容如下

The great tour purchasing power is the drive power of promoting the region's tourism developmentln the regional space, scale economic and regional separation are one of the basic characteristics of promoting tourism industry, So we must arrange the regional tourism industry with a systematic method and give prominence to the central city. For its outstanding area in the regional space, central city has evident superiority in the regional ecnomic development, and has echelon between central city and its periphery scennic spots, which is the inducement mechanism of tourism industry's arranging, developing and advancing step by step. For the law of diminishing marginal utility and the theory of equilibrium, the max utility equilibrium of tourism consumption be at the point of tangency of undiscrepancy curve and the cost budget curve.

中心城市居民巨大的出游力是拉动其周边旅游地发展重要的内在驱动力；由于地缘关系，区域规模经济与地域分割并存，是旅游产业运动的一个基本特征，为此必须对区域旅游经济进行系统化布局，突出中心城市的产业中心性；因其区位条件独特，中心城市在区域经济发展中居于明显的优势，与周边城乡部位存在经济发展上的梯次性，这种梯次性是区域旅游生产力布局、产业发展梯次传动，最终整体联动的经济诱导机制；根据边际效用递减规律和旅游者最大效用均衡理论，旅游消费效用最大化的均衡在无差异曲线与开支预算线的切点(即旅游目的地选择的最佳位置)上，且随着边际效用递减，目的地选择的最佳位置向远离中心城市方向移动，这就是中心城市与周边旅游地互动关系的经济学解释。

Brossard is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the island and city of Montreal, with a population of over 100,000 (15 square miles in the vicinity of Brossard ). It is surrounded by five municipalities on the South Shore of Montreal: Saint-Lambert, Greenfield Park, Saint-Hubert, Carignan and La Prairie.

布罗萨德市位于加拿大魁北克省西南部，是加拿大第二大城市——蒙特利尔大都会下辖的一个市，坐落于蒙特利尔南岸地区五个自治市（圣兰伯特市、格林菲尔德帕克、圣休伯特市、 Carignan 市和 La Prairie 市）的中心区域。

In Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen such major cities looking for work, place of work far from home is an important selection criteria, and that the site can provide classified information for the subregion.

在北京、上海、广州、深圳这样的大城市找工作，工作地点离家远近是重要的选择标准之一，而分类信息网站可以提供分区域查询。

By the study of the relationship between vegetation and spatial characteristics of UHI, the mainly spatial characteristics of UHI has been analyzed and it was:(1) The terrain of the suburbs is higher than the urban region, the gradient of the terrain height is small, and this geomorphological featrue is conducive to assemble of the heat, the UHI phenomenon of Changsha is obvious especially in the summer night;(2) The UHI distribution is similar to the outline of the urban construction. The LST of urban is 3-5℃ higher than the flat low areas close around the city, and 6-8℃ higher than further areas. The region which has the most obvious UHI phenomenon is the region surrounded by the second city ring road, and the UHI phenomenon gradually weakened from the city centre to suburb;(3) The impact of geomorphological character to UHI is notable, the relationship between vegetation index and UHI is Anti-related, it was indicated that the improvement of the vegetational status is very important to the elimination of UHI phenomenon, the implementation of the urban green land planning can reduce UHI effect.

通过分析长沙城市地区的土地覆盖、植被绿地状况与热岛空间分布状况的关系，揭示出研究区域UHI主要特征为：(1)从研究区域地表覆盖图发现，长沙市城区四周均有相对地势较高的山地，但地形梯度不大，接近四面环山的地貌特征，容易造成城区的热量聚集，有利于城市热岛效应的形成，使得长沙城区存在明显的热岛分布；(2)UHI分布与城市结构的轮廓相一致，长沙城区与地势相对平坦的近郊区的地表温度差异为3~5℃，与地势较高的周边远郊区的地表温度差异为6~8℃，长沙城区热岛效应与城市规划呈对应关系，热岛效应最显著的区域为二环线内，并从中心沿三环逐渐向郊区减弱；(3)地表覆盖类型对UHI的效应明显，长沙地区植被绿地状况与UHI呈现明显反相关分布，揭示出植被绿地对降低UHI具有重要的作用，大范围的绿地建设能有效降低UHI。

There is an apparent correlativity between LST and NDVI from the profile line values of the two factors.

研究结果显示：LST和NDVI具有明显的相关性，LST大的区域对应NDVI一般都较小，反之亦然；中心城市LST表现出热岛效应，而NDVI则为低谷效应。

Chang chuan and ji lin is the core city of economic developing in ji lin province, theyhave better level of economic developing, total deal of economic occupies the whole provinceis very big, two municipal of the nature resources, social resource, industry development hasthe very high advantage, and have certainly of contact and complement, the geographyposition is so near, transportation and other foundation facilities can share each other, soenhance two municipals unites, promoting integral economic whole in district can make theyhave the certain advantage with the foundation;in addition, making strong and making big inChang-Ji economic area, can still arouse the economy develop in the whole province, andpromote competition ability of city in the province of JiLin.

长春市和吉林市是吉林省经济发展的核心城市，经济发展水平较高，经济总量占全省比重很大，两市的自然资源、社会资源、产业发展都有很大的优势，且有一定的联系和互补性，地理位置较近，交通等基础设施又能共享，所以加强两市联合，促进长春吉林的区域经济一体化具有一定的优势和基础；此外，作强作大长吉经济带，还能够带动全省经济发展，提升吉林省的城市竞争力。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新