大地测量

The theory and methodology of the parameter estimation are the fundamental of data processing.

大地测量参数估计原理是大地测量数据处理的重要基础。

In the mean time, the discussions in this paper refer to the application of Neumann boundary value problem, the determination of height system and the definition and solution of GPS boundary value problem.

理论上物理大地测量的基本研究方法，已由于GPS技术的出现而发生改变。同时，直观上物理大地测量确定地球几何形状的一系列理论、方法和技术也将逐步由GPS所取代。

Making sufficient researchs on mult-data combined problem for cm-order precision geoid, it presents and validates schemes of geoid determination, including precision estimation, outwork optimized designment, model algorithm and evaluation of result quality.

较为系统地研究了影响厘米级大地水准面精度指标的多种大地测量数据融合问题，提出并初步验证了以精度估算、外业工程优化设计、模型算法与成果质量评估为一体的高精度大地水准面精化方案。

Based on TIKHONOV regularization method and considering sufficiently the practice of Geodesy, the main thread of the choice of the regularizer and the determination of the smoothing parameters is grasped and the in-depth research on the ill-posed problems in Geodesy is carried out.

本文基于TIKHONOV正则化方法和欧吉坤研究员提出的选权拟合的研究思路，充分考虑大地测量实际，抓住正则化矩阵的选取和正则化参数的确定这条主线，对大地测量中的不适定问题进行了深入研究，建立起了一套较系统的不适定问题处理理论及方法的框架，进一步发展了TIKHONOV正则化方法。

Originally, GPS was used as a tool of establishing the precision class of geodetically networks and various of controlling networks .With the development of GPS techniques, great changes have taken in every fields of surveying and mapping.

作为较早采用GPS技术的领域，在测量中，它最初主要用于高精度大地测量和控制测量，建立各种类型和等级的测量控制网；现在，它除了继续在这些领域发挥着重要作用外，还在测量领域的其它方面得到充分的应用，如用于各种类型的施工放样、测图、变形观测、航空摄影测量、海测和地理信息系统中地理数据的采集等。

In this project, we have deduced the joint inversion model of geodetic data, seismic data and geological data considering about their weight ratio; presented Bayes-iterative search inversion algorithm which improved on the traditional Bayes algorithm and strengthen the stability of inversion solutions; enriched and developed geodetic joint inversion theory and method of tectonic stress field; joint with geodetic, seismic, geological and geophysical data, we have inverted the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of crustal deformation of active tectonic blocks in North China and the present-day cruatal movement and strain-stress field by FEM, DDA and bi-cubic spline function fit method; especial for the crustal deformation result in some typical areas, we have presented geodynamical interpretation and done some seismic dangerous estimations.

大地测量联合反演构造应力场属于大地测量与地球动力学和地震学的交叉研究领域，主要内容是研究用大地测量地壳运动监测数据定量研究地壳运动和变形的动力学问题及分析预测地震，本项目推导了兼顾权比确定的大地测量、地震和地质三类数据的联合反演模型；提出贝叶斯-轮回搜索反演算法，改进传统的贝叶斯方法，改善反演解的稳定性；丰富、发展了大地测量反演构造应力场理论及方法；联合大地测量、地震、地质、地球物理数据采用有限单元法、块体不连续变形分析法和双三次样条函数拟合方法反演分析了华北地区活动地块运动时空变化特征以及中国大陆现今地壳运动与应变-应力场，对典型地区地表形变结果进行地球动力学解释并进行地震危险性估计。

If the geoid or quasi-geoid model is given, GPS can be used directly to determine orthometric height or normal height, which can take the place of the traditional geometric leveling and make the seperation mode of plane control network and elevation control network in traditional geodesy become a history.

在高精度、高分辨率大地水准面模型的支持下，利用GPS技术可以直接测定正高或正常高，从而取代传统繁琐的水准测量方法，使得平面控制网和高程控制网分离的传统大地测量模式成为历史。

Fortunately, the modern geodetic measurements such as the Global Positioning System technique can overcome the shortage of the geological and seismographic methods in the time dimension; and yet, the coverage of the geodetic survey stations is not sufficient. As a result, it is necessary to employ numerical simulation to investigate the continuous deformation of the crust.

而以全球定位系统等技术为主的大地测量方法弥补了地质和地震学方法在时间维上的不足，但大地测量方法存在测点覆盖不足及测点地理分布不均匀的缺点，因此，要得到连续的地壳形变场有必要借助数值模拟方法。

Five class objects of geodetic data are determined. They are spatial datum object, point object, network object, intersection object and collection object. The object-oriented geodetic data model is established in the paper.

确定了5种大地测量数据的对象类，即空间基准对象、点对象、网对象、关联对象和集合对象，并以此建立了大地测量数据的对象模型。

From the fundamental equations of Solid mechanics, a new theory of inversing the tectonic stress field by Geodetic data is proposed, the methodology of inversion of geodetic data to linear elastic model by the finite element method is discussed.

从固体力学的基本方程出发，结合数值方法，提出用大地测量数据反演构造应力场理论，研究了由大地测量数据反演线弹性构造应力场的方法。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。