大地水准面

A three dimensional, kinematical, enough resolution and geocentric coordinate frame will be established in China.

在重力基准方面，在国家2000重力基准网和国家2000大地水准面的基础上，有步骤的按省或地区推算具有厘米级精度，10km级栅格分辨率的似大地水准面。

In this thesis, the basic theory and methods for the determination of geoid is introduced. Then the main error sources for the determination of geoid are analyzed and the error transmission formulas are given.

本文简要介绍了确定大地水准面的基本原理和常用方法，并对影响大地水准面精度主要误差源进行了分析，给出了误差传播的计算公式。

Then we can research the relationship between topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid and order and degree of spherical harmonic series, and discuss the characters of topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid.

由此我们可以研究地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常与球谐级数阶次的关系，以及不同波长地形荷载与岩石圈挠曲补偿的关系，探讨地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面的频谱特性。

The performance of retracking is assessed by comparing SSH with geoidal heights from a high resolution geoid model around Taiwan.

重定之成果是藉由大地起伏比较海水面高来评估，该大地起伏是由台湾周围高解析度大地水准面模型而得。

In view of an analysis from lithospheric geoid, horizontal stress and existing seismic tomographic data and so on, they show that Chinese mainland and adjacent area is controlled by mantle dynamics of interaction, mutual influence and constraint by western Pacific ocean plate, Indian plate and circum-Siberian arc tectonics that formed after Paleo-Asian ocean closed, which consist of three tectonic areas, with on the base of the Tethyan tectonic realm. Overall tectonic framework of the Chinese mainland is outwards obduction along main tectonic borders within shallow crust and inwards subduction and convergence within deep lithospheric mantle from south-western, south-eastern and northern parts, respectively.

基于岩石圈大地水准面异常、水平应力场和地震层析等地球物理资料综合分析可知，中国大陆及其毗邻地区在特提斯构造基础上，处于西太平洋板块、印度板块和古亚洲洋及其闭合之后环西伯利亚弧形等三大全球构造体系域相互作用、相互影响和相互制约的地幔动力学控制之下，总体大地构造格局是浅部地壳分别沿主要构造边界向外仰冲，深部岩石圈地幔则从西南、东南和北部向中国大陆俯冲会聚，使之整体处于地幔会聚挤压的大地构造背景。

If the geoid or quasi-geoid model is given, GPS can be used directly to determine orthometric height or normal height, which can take the place of the traditional geometric leveling and make the seperation mode of plane control network and elevation control network in traditional geodesy become a history.

在高精度、高分辨率大地水准面模型的支持下，利用GPS技术可以直接测定正高或正常高，从而取代传统繁琐的水准测量方法，使得平面控制网和高程控制网分离的传统大地测量模式成为历史。

From 1973 to present, 8 satellites with 9 altimeters are launched, and many millions of altimetry measurements have been gathered and many characteristics of the sea surface have been investigated in these missions.

本文研究的主要目的和内容是系统地总结卫星测高技术的发展历史、应用及前景；制定测高数据的编辑准则和改善各种地球物理改正的精度；研究区域交叉点平差方法以进一步提高 Geosat 、 ERS-1和 ERS-2的径向轨道精度；完善由多种测高数据建立全球平均海面高模型的理论与方法，进而建立全球海面高模型；总结并研究利用测高数据恢复海洋重力场和分离海面地形的方法，确定中国海域的重力场；探讨海陆大地水准面拼接的问题，实现中国海陆大地水准面的拼接。

Historically, datums have been based on ellipsoids that best represent the geoid within the region the datum is intended to map.

历史上，大地基准面一般基于与制图区域大地水准面最接近的地球椭球面构建。

It is commonly used by geodesists and geophysicists to analyze geoid undulations and study crustal deformation.

它包括了大地水准面和海面地形两部分信息，因而广泛地用于研究大地水准面、瞬时海面高、大洋环流等问题。

The geoid is used to be regarded as the theoretic global vertical reference .The actual national height references are regional mean sea levels determined by tide gauge station. The difference between them is apparent. The satellite altimetry has developed as a kind of important space geodetic technique since 1970s.

大地水准面作为全球高程测量的理论基准面，在现实工作中，国家或者地区高程系统的起算面是利用验潮方法来确定局部平均海平面的，两者之间的差距是显而易见的。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。