大体

A acute partial obstructive hepatocholangitis model by selective ligation and injection of E coli into left hepatic bile duct was successfully founded in rat. Using parameters including mortality, mitochondrial glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and ornithine carbamoytransferase activity, pathological observation and blood culture of bacteria, we evaluated the model.

作者采用选择性左肝管穿刺注菌法成功地建立了Wistar大鼠急性部分肝胆管梗阻感染的脓毒症模型，并从胆管系统形态学、累计病死率、血清线粒体谷草转氨酶和鸟氨酸氨基转移酶活性、多器官大体病理观察以及血液细菌培养几方面对该模型的科学性、重复性进行了评估。

The general situations of the eye were observed and the corneal thickness were measured with ultrasonic corneal pachymeter after the animal models was established. After a week, the corneas were removed after the experimental animals are put to death. The corneal endothelial cell density of 12 half-chip were counted through Alizarin Red-Trypan blue staining; 12 half-clip corneas were fixed with 4% neutral formalin solution , HE staining was performed, the expression of AQP-1 in corneal stroma and corneal endothelial cell were detected through immunohistochemical staining; Na~+-K~+-ATPase activities in 12 half-clip corneas were examined with Na~+-K~+-ATPase kit; the expression of AQP-1 mRNA were detected through real-time fluorescent quantitation PCR.

术后观察眼球大体情况、测量角膜厚度。1周后处死实验动物取角膜，用茜素红-台盼蓝染色染色行角膜内皮细胞计数；用4%中性福尔马林溶液固定行HE染色、应用免疫组化染色检测AQP-1在角膜基质和内皮细胞表达的改变；用Na~+-K~+-ATP酶试剂盒测量角膜内皮细胞Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性；实时荧光定量PCR检测AQP-1mRNA在角膜内皮细胞表达的改变；并于正常对照组角膜比较。

The lithofacies palaeogeography map can show the pattern of basins and mountains and the characteristics of original deposition.

岩相古地理图可以大体反映盆地形成时的盆山格局和原始沉积特征。

Matrox, with its Parhelia almost seven years ago, XGI with its Volari, and 3DLabs with its Realizm all threw in the towel, and with good reason--modern GPUs are extremely complex and, consequently, require considerable investment and skills that only a few companies can afford.

接近七年前Matrox的Parhelia，XGI的Volari，和3DLabs的Realizm，都被扔进了历史的故纸堆。这当然有很好的理由，现代的GPU极度复杂，所以需要相当大的投资和技术，这只有少数的公司才能担负得起。翻译了一下，大体意思，不要挑刺。

This paper therefore examines the development of "the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city" through literature review depth-interview oral history and participant observation The concept frame is culture organism as the vertical axle and elements of a folklore activity as the transverse axle There are several significant findings about the general picture of this subject: During the late period of Japanese colonial era Tainan local people who played Peguan music learned Peking opera aria and tried to bring Peking opera aria into the folklore Pai-Chang which was one kind performance and traditional custom of Peguan music Some people who came from other places and played Peking opera aria had also known or learned "Pai-Chang" with touching Tainan local amateurs "Pai-Chang" used to be performed by amateurs for worship of god or goddess or for seasoning and wedding celebration without rewards Amateurs volunteered to perform "Pai-Chang" only for their duty temples and fraternity of Peking opera aria The majority of the audience is people who perform or like "Pai-Chang" or who live nearby There is a fixed pattern of the performance including the repertoire and the arrangement of the band The main meaning of this performace is to pray God's blessings therefore the procedure of "Ban-Hsian" is the most essential and ahead of Peking opera aria singing With time goes by the number of the amateurs has dropped; yet the demand for the worship ceremony remains; hence some of the amateurs have been trained to become professional performers Besides although the idea and the meaning of "Pai-Chang" remains the pattern of the performance has become simplified and rigid which is because of the performers' number decreasing and market adapting Nowadays the whole ecosystem of the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city keep changing which is mainly influenced by the transition of the society(such as the time and space of the industrial and commercial society being compressed and most people's pursuing of specialization and utilitarianism etc ) According to the findings in this paper the phenomenon can be regarded as the subject matter both of Peking opera and folklore studies For the studies of the Taiwanese culture however the subject not only enriches the subject matters of the Taiwanese culture(signifies the localization of Peking opera and a new pattern of Taiwanese folklore) but also reflects the characters of diversification integration adaptation and compromise of Taiwanese culture which used to be influenced by different regimes and the historical contexts Facing such a multicultural context this paper thus suggests researchers should show an open-minded attitude toward the complex of the Taiwanese culture studies and then important phenomenon would not be ignored or misunderstood

代表了什麼意义？对於上述疑惑，查既有研究成果，不消没有论述者，具体提即「京调排场」现象的可说没有，基於此，有必要对台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场，不管是语汇来由或者其现象本身，做一番研究。本研究透过文献、访谈、口述史、参与观察等方法，以文化有机体之纵的发展概念为经，以民俗表演之横切面各主客要素为纬，试图先对此文化现象调查并推论出一概貌：台南市民俗性京调排场的形成，是在京调传入台南，台南本地北管子弟改习或兼习京调后，结合北管音乐文化所固有的排场表演型态及民俗演出传统，融合而成，形成时间至迟在日治晚期。而一些不同时期的外来京调人士(如原本生长於其他地区、后移住台湾的票友，和中国大陆琴师等等)，也曾透过与当地子弟的接触，而习得或知晓「排场」语汇以及本地京调排场习俗者。此项音乐民俗表演在过往多由业余子弟於神诞或民众婚俗做寿时，对其有义务或交陪的庙宇及子弟间做酬酢性的演出，不收报酬；聆赏者多是京调同好与邻近民众，也有少数路过者；演出模式包括节目安排、乐队编制皆有一定；表演意涵上以「扮仙」祈求神明赐福人间最为重要，因此排仙必不可少，且一定先於京调演唱。随著时间推移，京调排场表演活动的各要素都有变动，惟变迁速度不一，大体而言，业余表演者锐减，人们对酬神娱神节目的需求仍在，因此一些过往的业余表演者遂逐渐转型为职业表演者。此外，虽然表演意涵不变，但在职业表演人员少、又要适应市场的情况下，表演模式亦逐渐流於简化、僵化。目前京调排场整体生态仍在转变的过程中，而这种变化应与工商社会时间空间的被压缩、事事追求专业化与尼Q化等因素有关。再者，据此概貌，在结论部分厘清其意义、定位以及其对台湾文化研究之启示。台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场现象，可视为京剧研究与民俗研究的一环，然而对於台湾文化研究，除了其题材本身标志了京剧的本土化与台湾民俗活动之新类型，进一步扩充整体台湾文化研究的内容外，更重要的是现象背后所反映的台湾文化的多元融合与妥协适应取向。台湾的海岛地理位置与长期被不同文化背景政权所殖民的历史，其文化自然容易随社会环境改变而弹性适应变迁，呈现多元纷呈、多重覆叠的特色，因此展望未来，从事台湾文化研究应秉除单一观点，保持一定程度之开放与客观胸襟，方不忽视或误识更多重要的文化现象。

Clinical pathology showed liver, spleen and kidney of coinfection chickens swelled from 2 to 4 week. Perihepatitis and pericarditis could be seen. Coinfection chickens, REV chickens and MDV chickens could be seen tumor on liver, spleen, kidney and heart at 5, 6, 6 week.

大体病变结果显示，混合感染组2～4周肝、脾、肾稍肿大，并有肝周炎、心包炎等，混合感染组、攻REV组和攻MDV组分别在5、6、6周时肝、脾、肾、心脏呈不同程度的肿大，有大小不等肿瘤结节。

The group B presented lots of petechiae since the fifth week; the surface of right lung began less petechiae; during 26th week, the symptom of reduced volume and hard surface was less than before.

大体标本观察发现，单纯照射组大鼠于照射第5周时见肺脏肿胀、表面鲜红，并有暗红色斑片状出血；第12周时肺肿胀减退，表面瘀斑颜色转暗；第26周时其肺脏体积缩小、质地变硬，可见苍白实变灶。

That is to say, in the light of the principles including integra ting resources-environment with socio-economy and combining spatial span with tem poral limitation, etc., the index system designed contains five grades and fifty -two single factors, and the three comprehensive evaluations taken includes sys t em clustering, gray constellation clustering and fuzzy integrate analysis. Three appraisal results validate each other, which are approximately consistent.

自 下而上途径采用综合评价指标体系，即按照资源环境与社会经济相结合和空间跨度与时间跨度相结合原则来设计指标体系(5个层次、52个单项因子)，然后进行系统聚类分析、星座聚类分析和模糊综合分析三种综合评价，各种评价结果相互验证，其结果大体一致。

The prejudication interpretation makes people have a general idea about how the ancient "judges""find" law in practice in ancient China.

判例体解释则使人们大体能够了解古代中国的&判官&们是如何在实施中&发现&法律的。

Others were fixed with titanium plates as control. all the rabbits were sacrificed at 1,2,4,8 weeks after operation. gross observation, radiographical, histologic and bony mechanics examinations of the fracture site were carried out after rabbits were sacrificed.

分别采用pldla接骨材料和纯钛接骨材料行兔下颌骨骨折内固定术，术后1、2、4、8周进行大体标本、影像学、骨生物力学测试和组织学检查。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷