大众社会

Their unpleasant experiences during the time of Cultural Revolution can be read as the national allegory of China.

而这种现象，是一九九○年代大众文化在中国的出现与消费社会的成形不无关系。

Information needs made tribal chiefs send messengers in primitive societies and compelled Roman emperors and Califs create efficient postal and road systems, Gutenberg's printing revolution opened the era of the press, societal requirements and political struggle in the French kingdom made King Louis XIII produce La Gazette , economic and financial needs of the Fugger family contributed to the creation of the periodic press in Germany, the freedom of the press, the growth of literacy in England created and audience for the British press in the 18th century and opened up the public sphere which contributed to the development of civil society.

信息需求迫使原始社会中的部落首领开始传送信息，也驱使罗马君主和伊斯兰教国王创建了有效的邮政公路系统。古腾堡的印刷革命开启了出版业的新纪元，法兰西帝国时期的社会需求和政治斗争则促使路易十三传版了 La Gazette 报，而富格家族的经济和金融需求推动了德国期刊业的诞生。另外，出版自由和国民文化素质的提高为18世纪的英国出版业培养了受众，同时也开拓了大众的视野，这将有利于民主社会的发展。

Where our dogmatists err on this question is that, on the one hand, they do not understand that we have to study the particularity of contradiction and know the particular essence of individual things before we can adequately know the universality of contradiction and the common essence of things, and that, on the other hand, they do not understand that after knowing the common essence of things, we must go further and study the concrete things that have not yet been thoroughly studied or have only just emerged.

例如，无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾，用社会主义革命的方法去解决；人民大众和封建制度的矛盾，用民主革命的方法去解决；殖民地和帝国主义的矛盾，用民族革命战争的方法去解决；在社会主义社会中工人阶级和农民阶级的矛盾，用农业集体化和农业机械化的方法去解决；共产党内的矛盾，用批评和自我批评的方法去解决；社会和自然的矛盾，用发展生产力的方法去解决。

This "importation" of the individual consciousness of the creator must however remain controlled. This is of the utmost importance, without constraints or measures we would fall either into the aesthetics of popular taste or into an escalation of elitist vocabulary that would weaken the language. If I myself no longer dare to use oil paints, to revisit or augment, it is due to its intrinsic overabundance of culture; having barely touched the palate, there is an immediate return to the domain of noble art. I would be too scared of creating some useless work while loosing the intensity afforded to a more direct language. Fluctuations in our cultural structure have resulted in vernacular embodying the new norm while I, in the domain of artistic language, have opted for the mode and techniques of traditional embroidery. A long while ago, during the time of the Yuan Ming Yuan artist village, I was convinced that I would run into problems if I applied myself to oil paint. I had produced next to nothing up until the day when, by coincidence, I noticed the many works of embroidery being sold at the entrance to the Summer Palace. I felt like I had finally found my mode of expression, my own personal artistic language. Due to the fact that embroidery belongs to the pre-industrial age, there is a "folkie" quality to it, rural and natural. This ill-defined modern world in which we live must also respond to the demands of "common people", the "lowly" and the "nouveau riche". In some sense, the re-appropriation of this folkloric technique was a necessity, much as it was during the time of the shift from "prose to spoken language" [1], an unavoidable consequence of social upheaval. It was not limited to a mere question of the stylistic signification of the semantic form. What embroidery embodies is a structural modification of society at its most basic level.

虽然它注入了艺术家的个人意识，但关键就是分寸感的把握，不然，或者伦为真的大众趣味，或者切入过多的经英语词汇，而使语言虚弱，就我而言，我不敢重操油画，或是改造扩充，就是由于它本身太文化了，一出手就高雅了，怕弄个不伦不类而失掉语言直接性的强度，文化结构的改变，艺术的俗语是一种趋势，从艺术语言上，我是用传统刺绣方式和手法的，早在圆明园画家村时，我几乎没有画出什么东西，油画肯定觉得使用起来有问题，在当时偶然在颐和园门前，看到很多刺绣的艺术品，一下子感到找到了方法，因为刺绣这种手段属于工业文明之前的东西，它有种土色和平民的感觉，这种也对应了时下的&平常人&、&小人物&、&暴发户&对现代化的消费趣味的追求，那种不伦不类的现代性，正好我的家乡唐山有一个很有名的刺绣厂，找师傅做作品可能更方便，有了这个想法之后，也得到朋友的鼓励，刺绣这一传统民间资源的再利用，在某种意义上说就像&白话文&始于当时社会巨大的转型出现的必然，它不单单是语言风格样式上的意义，它体现的是深层的社会文化结构改变的宣示。

She is dedicated to the social work since 1997. She is enthusiastic about human rights and social justice documentary promotion. Her first social documentary,"Left Them Behind", was commissioned by "Local DocuPower 2007" and got the Audience Award. Her 2nd short documentary film,"HERstory Jeritan", has been also selected for "2008 Taiwan International Video Art Exhibition Dwelling Place?"

近年移居澳门，与友人创立澳门拉阔网络协会并积极身体力行将社会行动结合纪录片媒体，透过录像纪录提升社会大众对弱势社群的关注。2007年获澳门文化中心「澳门纪录新势力2007」资助执导拍摄首部纪录片《被遗弃的针筒》并在《澳门国际电影及录像展2008-澳门制造》获得最受观众欢迎奖。

She is dedicated to the social work since 1997. She is enthusiastic about human rights and social justice documentary promotion. Her first social documentary,"Left Them Behind", was commissioned by "Local DocuPower 2007" and got the Audience Award. Her 2nd short documentary film,"HERstory – Jeritan", has been also selected for "2008 Taiwan International Video Art Exhibition – Dwelling Place?"

近年移居澳门，与友人创立澳门拉阔网路协会并积极身体力行将社会行动结合纪录片媒体，透过录影纪录提升社会大众对弱势社群的关注。2007年获澳门文化中心「澳门纪录新势力2007」资助执导拍摄首部纪录片《被遗弃的针筒》并在《澳门国际电影及录影展2008-澳门制造》获得最受观众欢迎奖。

Whose purpose is that the brush being in progress for society provides one kind being able to be that every family , many-storied buildings , road bridge , handicraft building etc.

其目的是为社会提供一种能为家家户户、高楼大厦、道路桥梁、工艺建筑等代替人们进行擦喷涂刷等工作；减小劳动强度，减少生命危险，提高工作效率；真正让机器人为大众、社会、家庭服务，替代人们的体力劳动。

Whose purpose is that the brush being in progress for society provides one kind being able to be that every family , many-storied buildings , road bridge , handicraft building etc. replace people wiping a flame plating waits to work; Diminish an intensity of labour , cut down life danger , raise working efficiency; Let a robot be masses , society , domestic service really, manual labour replacing people's.

其目的是为社会提供一种能为家家户户、高楼大厦、道路桥梁、工艺建筑等代替人们进行擦喷涂刷等工作；减小劳动强度，减少生命危险，提高工作效率；真正让机器人为大众、社会、家庭服务，替代人们的体力劳动。

It is really quite unexpected that as China has modernised over the past 15 years, there has been a very substantial increase in attachment to traditional political and social attitudes at different levels of society, even at a very popular level.

确实让人感到惊讶的是中国在过去15年现代化过程中，社会不同层次的人都对传统政治态度和传统社会态度产生相当程度的认同，甚至在大众层次。

The rural members realized the vertical social mobility through imperial examinations, education, joined the army, business and other ways under the influences of three forces: rural crisis forces of modernization and public pursuit.

徘徊于传统与近代之间的晚清直隶农村社会成员在农村危机、近代化带动、大众追求三个动力合力的作用下，通过科举、新式教育、参军、经商、流民等各种途径实现了社会垂直流动。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失