多巴胺

Prolonged overstimulation of dopamine receptors caused by methamphetamine may eventually cause the receptors to downregulate in order to compensate for increased levels of dopamine within the synaptic cleft.

甲基苯丙胺所引起的对多巴胺接受细胞的持续刺激可能最终会这些接受细胞变少，从而能应对神经键隙中大量的多巴胺。

The plasticity of NSCs was detected by the differentiating test. HESCs were induced into dopaminergic neurons by means of adding Sonic Hedgehog Peptide and fibroblast growth factor eight (FGF8) early under the condition of mocked microenvironment and different development stage of dopaminergic neurons in vivo ,meanwhile made comparison with traditional method . The marker of dopaminergic neurons was tested by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR, the content of dopamine and its derivation homovanillic acid were measured by HPLC-ECD.

模拟体内多巴胺神经元分化发育的不同阶段及微环境，采用早期添加音猥因子及成纤维细胞生长因子-8(FGF8)的方法，诱导hESCs定向生成多巴胺能神经元，并与传统的诱导方法相比较，免疫荧光细胞化学和RT-PCR法检测多巴胺能神经元的标志，高效液相色谱法检测诱导后细胞及细胞培养上清液中多巴胺及其代谢产物高香草酸的含量。

The role of dopamine deficiency in depression is suggested by the frequency of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease and the effect of reserpine, which depletes serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, causing a hypoactive state in animals.

抑郁症多巴胺不足的角色，从帕金森病人抑郁频繁中得到提示，利血平有效，帕金森病消耗了 5-羟色胺，去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺，动物引起活动减退的情状。

Parkinson's disease is a kind of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is caused primarily by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The symptoms of PD include tremor, hypokinesia, and rigidity, caused by the depletion of dopamine in the striatum.

帕金森氏症是目前临床常见的神经退化疾病之一，目前对於帕金森氏症的药物治疗，主要是额外提供多巴胺或增加脑内多巴胺的停留时间，以减缓患者的症状，然而这些治疗方法皆无法减缓多巴胺神经细胞的持续性退化。

Treatment with dopamine and low dose bromocriptine resulted in cell death accompanied with the DNA laddering and activation of caspase-3 only in GH3D2L and GH3D2S cells, which were blunted by haloperidol, showing that dopamine-induced cell death in these cells is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors.

经多巴胺和低浓度溴隐亭处理后仅在GH3D2L和GH3D2S两种细胞中出现细胞死亡伴DNA阶梯状断裂和半胱天冬酶3（Caspase-3）的激活，而这些效应也被氟哌啶醇所抑制，说明多巴胺所致的细胞凋亡与多巴胺D2受体激活有关。

As for dopamine, it intercalates into the double helix of DNA in the concentration range of 5.00×10^(-5) to 9.00×10^(-4)mol/L. The binding constants of dopamine, adrenaline and dobuamine with DNA are determined as 1.55×10^3, 9.77×10^3 and 1.74×10^4L/mol, respectively, by electrochemical method.

对于多巴胺，在5.00×10^(-5)~9.00×l0^(-4)mol/L范围内，它与DNA之间主要为插人作用，同时，采用电化学方法测得多巴胺、肾上腺素和多巴酚丁胺与DNA之间的表观结合常数分别为1.55×10^3，9.77×l0^3和1.74×10^4L/mol。

Hydroxydopamine ; nictitating membrane conditioning ; learning ; memory ; catecholamine ; noradrenaline ; dopamine

6-羟基多巴胺；瞬膜条件反射；学习；记忆；去甲肾上腺素；多巴胺；儿茶酚胺

Other research is looking at how disulfiram, an indirect dopamine agonist, might be useful to treat cocaine addiction. By inhibiting the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine, disulfiram reverses stimulant-induced dopamine deficiency, Dr. Kosten explained.

Kosten医师解释，其他研究针对disulfiram是如何作用的，这是一个间接多巴胺致效剂，可能可以有效地治疗成瘾；透过抑制多巴胺贝他水解酵素，这个酵素将多巴胺转换成正肾上腺素，disulfiram逆转刺激剂诱发的多巴胺缺乏。

A research team at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine trained baboons and squirrel monkeys to orally self-administer an Adderall-like drug for two to four weeks, and the team found evidence of amphetamine-induced brain damage, specifically, lower levels of dopamine and fewer dopamine transporters on nerve endings in amphetamine-treated primates than in untreated animals.

一个研究小组在约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的训练狒狒和松鼠猴口头自我管理的Adderall等类药物的2到4周，而且该研究小组发现的证据苯丙胺诱导的脑损伤，特别是较低层次的多巴胺多巴胺转运体和减少对神经末梢的安非他明的待遇比未经处理的灵长类动物。

By using Morris Maze task,The results indicated the learning and memory impairment was continuously maintained by MA-induced neurotoxity,PF_(11) significantly antagonized the learning and memory impairment by MA-induced neurotoxicity, Motor incoordination was studied by using the rotating rod method in mice,PF_(11) markedly alleviated the injury induced by MA.using HPLC-ECD,there were markedly decrease the contents of DA,DOPAC,HVA and 5-HIAA,PF_(11) markedly antagonised decrease of DA in MA-induced neurotoxicity.

在Morris水迷宫空间辨别性学习记忆实验中，甲基苯丙胺中毒小鼠找到平台的潜伏期明显延长，PF_(11)沈阳药科大学硕士学位论文中文摘要能显著缩短延长的潜伏期。转棒实验表明，甲基苯丙胺中毒小鼠运动协调性显著降低，而PF；；能桔抗小鼠运动协调性的降低。甲基苯丙胺中毒小鼠大脑内多巴胺及其代谢产物DOPAC、HVA含量明显降低，另外，5一羟色胺的代谢产物5－HIAA明显降低，而PF；；与甲基苯丙胺联合给药小鼠大脑内DA、HVA的含量显著升高。这些结果提示PF；通过影响多巴胺神经系统而桔抗甲基苯丙胺神经毒性的作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。