多分子的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The experimental results show that:(1) LB films are uniform and solid, but it is easy to collapse at higher film pressure,(2) Multilayer LB films process sandwich structure and longspace orderliness, and the phenomenon of crystallization in the process of forming 〓 LB films,(3) The thickness of 〓 monolayer is about 50～60〓,(4) During the formation of 〓 multilayers, molecular arrangement is inclinable to the substrate, the angle is about 25°～30°.

采用小角X-射线散射对多层LB膜的结构进行了表征，发现LB膜具有层状结构的特点和长程有序特征，并对多层LB膜中分子排列的取向状态进行了初步推测，与AFM得到的结果一致。

The structural properties of ultrathin rhodium nanowires are studied by using empirical molecular dynamics simulations with genetic algorithm. Helical multi-shell cylindrical and pentagonal packing structures are found.

铑纳米线的结构，通过基于分子动力学的遗传算法结合紧束缚多体势的模拟发现也是螺旋多壳和五边形生长的结构。

Seeded amplification of colored conical emission and two-dimensional multicolored transverse arrays as well as simultaneously up-converted parametric amplification have been demonstrated using spectral synthesis to obtain sub-fs pulses.

基于分子调制过程，文章作者提出并发展了一系列亚飞秒脉冲产生和操控的技术；围绕频谱合成方案，利用级联二阶非线性效应，实现了多色圆锥辐射注入放大和二维多色阵列及其参量上转换放大；同时，还开展了基于飞秒振荡器及外腔增强技术的高重复频率高次谐波产生与输出耦合的相关研究。

Using RAPD markers techonolgy analysed the genetic structure of populations and built up the reaction system of SSR markers of Aristida pennata, at the same time, analysed the genetic structure based on SSR markers techonolgy. The research results are as follow:(1) 11 amplifiction random primers were used to detecte 125 loci in 76 samples. The total proportion of polymorphic loci of. Aristida pennata is 96.8%, the average proportion of polymorphic loci of Aristida pennata is 45.3%. The analyses of Shannon diversity index (1,0.5151) and Nei gene diversity index(h, 0.3471) indicate that the gene variation is rich in subpopulations.

Pennata.tirn为研究对象，在阜康，147团及121团周边等7个亚种群采集76个样品，通过RAPD分子标记技术进行亚种群内和种群间的遗传变异分析，并采用SSR技术建立羽毛三芒草的检测技术平台同时进行遗传结构分析，结果表明：(1) 11条RAPD引物检测到76个样品有125个位点，总多态位点百分比为96.8％；亚种群内平均多态位点比为45.3％，香农表型多样性指数(1，0.5151)，Nei's基因多样度指数(h，0.3471)都说明羽毛三芒草种群有较为丰富的遗传变异。

The anatomical localizations indicate that Al receptor and Dl receptor coexist in strionigro-strioentopeduncular neurons, and A2a receptor and D2 receptor coexist in striopallidals neurons. The heteromeric complexes of Al/D1、A2a/D2 receptor provided the molecular basis for the functional interactions of Al/Di and A2a/D2 receptor.

腺苷A1受体和多巴胺D1受体以及腺苷A2a受体和多巴胺D2受体分别共存於基底神经节中纹状体向黑质和脚内核投射的神经元以及纹状体向苍白球投射的神经元内。A1/D1、A2a/D2受体形成受体异聚复合体构成了受体一受体之间相互作用的分子基础。

The enhanced two-photon absorption found in these chromophores was attributed to the fact that the multibranched chromophores had both an extended π-conjugated system and an increased intramolecular cooperative effect compared to the one-branched chromophore.

这些多枝结构化合物的双光子吸收截面较大，双光子吸收增强来源于多枝分子中扩展的π共扼体系和重复单元的协同效应。

Further study of other polymorphisms in the TNF promoter is indicated to understand more about the tophi.

未来仍然需要有更多关於甲型肿瘤坏死因子的其他位置多型性的探讨，进一步了解痛风石产生的分子机转。

Sorghum genome DNA had been transfered into rice variety via pollen tube pathway. In this paper, the molecular verification was performed by SSR technique. The result shown seventeen of sixty pairs of primers can reveal polymorphisms among donor, receptor and their stable offspring. Same bandings were amplified between donor and some offspring.

从60对SSR引物中筛选出17对，对供体高粱、受体水稻及其外源DNA导入后代稳定材料进行了分子验证，结果表明供体高粱与受体水稻间存在多态性、受体水稻与后代稳定材料间出现多态性，供体高粱与部分后代稳定材料间出现相同的扩增带，部分供体与受体共有的特征带在后代中消失、而有些后代出现了供体和受体均没有的扩增带。

Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has pointed to a role for small RNAs in transposon defense.

在过去的十多年中，越来越多的证据指明，小分子RNA扮演了这样一个抵御转座子侵袭的角色。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。