多元件

Experimental accuracy and repetition of FBG temperature sensitivity and compensation were discussed.have selected several materials which has bigger coefficient of expansion to do packaging components, have made many temperature experiments, there have not flaws, such as aging, crackle, absciss layer, packaging materials have good temperature sensitivity and compatibility with optical fiber;have designed the simple and practical packaging components, have performed a serials of experiments about accuracy and repetition of FBG wave-length, have obtained the first step conclusion;have analyzed the result and made comparison between the result of different experiment, have summarized the best packaging effect and several rules to reduce mistskes.

本文所做的主要工作包括以下几个内容：一、选取了常见的热膨胀系数大的材料制作封装元件，经过多次一80℃到80℃反复测试，封装元件没有出现老化开裂、封装裂纹、空洞、离层等缺陷，封装材料具有良好的温敏稳定性及复用性，与光纤相容性较好；二、对光纤光栅进行简单、实用的封装处理，就封装效果的优劣性、波长测量的准确度、重复性和封装时产生的波长损失等方面进行了一系列的实验，得出了初步的结论；三、对温敏和温度补偿式封装的实验数据进行了详细的分析和对比，从数字上对温变过程中光纤光栅中心波长的改变及温变曲线进行了定量的分析，在大量实验数据分析结果的基础上，总结出哪种材料封装效果更好，以及如何有效的减小实验误差。

As substitute for fluorite lens, a double-layer DOE is used in a long focal-length apochromatic objective lens. The modulation transfer function of this hybrid optical system is suggested for evaluating diffraction efficiency of the multilayer DOE. The results show the diffraction efficiency has a wide and symmetrical distribution in the whole waveband.

利用双层衍射光学元件替代萤石透镜校正混合光学系统的二级光谱，设计并制作了一套长焦距物镜，并利用系统调制传递函数评价了多层衍射光学元件衍射效率，测试结果表明衍射效率在整个设计波段内以较高的数值平均分布。

In addition, a general method for the design of multi-parpose binary optical element is suggested, which is named as"double-wall"method. A few design examples of some typical binary optical elements are used to verify the correctness of these methods and relative conclusions.

此外，本文还提出了一种通用的多功能二元光学元件设计方案----"夹墙"方案；并通过几种典型二元光学元件的具体设计，验证了本文所提方案的优越性和有关结论的正确性。

A condition existing within or at the output of a computing element that causes a substantial computing error because of the saturation of one or more of the parts of the computing element in an analog computer.

在模拟计算机中，由于一个或多个计算元件部分的饱和状态而引起的明显的计算错误，这种错误在相应的计算元件输出上就表现为过载状态。

In particular, it relates to physical connections of a plurality of mutually insulated connecting elements, especially configured for printed circuit boards, the physical connection being a component of an electric connection between two or more conducting elements with direct contact using a spring.

特别是涉及若干相对绝缘的连接元件的物理连接，特别是构成用于印制电路板，其中物理连接为在两个或多个导电的节段之间的电连接的元件，它们在使用弹簧的情况下具有直接接触。

According to the features and analysis of a howitzer ,some components are considered as rigid bodies and some as springs.

根据某火炮的结构特点和分析要求，把一些工程元件简化成刚体，另一些工程元件简化成弹簧，用有限多个质量、转动惯量、弹簧和阻尼形成一个离散的参数系统，从而得到火炮系统的简化模型。

How to design the ballasting resistors is key issue of the thermal stability.

本论文的研究目标为多指电晶体的热稳定压舱电阻设计，当在高功率操作时，元件因为热耦合效应的影响将会变的不稳定，压舱电阻通常会被用来避免多指电晶体发生热不定的情形，如何压舱电阻设计是元件热稳定的主要议题。

Some circuits use resonant, quasi-resonant, and/or multi-resonant techniques. However, voltage or current stresses in these converters are higher and require the devices of higher VA rating. Some circuits use passive snubbers or active clamp techniques. However these converters become more complicate. Phase-shift ZVS technique has been used in bidirectional DC/DC converters since it can realize ZVS for all switches without auxiliary switches.

谐振、准谐振或多谐振技术方案，变换器的电压电流应力较高，变频控制增加了滤波器设计的难度；能量缓冲吸收电路或有源钳位电路方案，由于需要增加多个额外辅助元件，增加了变换器的复杂性；全桥相移技术方案，由于主电路无需增加额外元件，只需利用相移控制，即可实现软开关，因此引起关注。

Thermal hydraulics: actuation systems, power shift transmission systems, anti-lock braking systems, landing gear, fuel injection systems, active suspension systems, lubrication systems* Gas dynamics: pneumatics, propulsion, sterilization, air and steam cycles, high-pressure gas, gas transmission, adsorption, gas phase reactions, HVAC, ECS, multi-species gaseous systems* Multiphase fluids: refrigeration, air-conditioning, climate control, cryogenic piping networks, steam/water systems, or fuel systems with exotic, volatile fluids.* Systems control hardware and software evaluation data acquisition sampling rates, asynchronous communication, analog and digital electronic filters, control loop execution rates, network (CAN bus communication, etc.* Fuel cells: stationary or mobile.* Electrical systems: AC/DC machines, power electronics, batteries, etc. Flight dynamics, and control systems of all kinds including digital filters

MSC Easy5的独到之处在於：其一，强大的控制系统仿真分析能力，可以建立各种复杂的控制系统模型，包含稳态分析、线性系统分析、频域响应、根轨迹分析等完整的控制系统分析类型；其二，多学科专业应用库，借助专业应用库中的预定义模型元件，向用户提供独一无二的建立系统级模型和研究多学科系统耦合问题的能力；其三，卓越的代码生成和求解器，可以由图形化系统模型自动生成相应的FORTRAN或C源代码，这些代码可以通过编译生成可执行程序，并可被用户调用；其四，高效的高级建模和二次开发功能，方便用户创建用户化模型元件，并可调用外部FORTRAN或C子程序；其五，与其它CAE软件良好的集成能力，可以将不同CAE软件所建立的模型集成到MSC Easy5中建立完整的虚拟样机，是真正的协同仿真平台。

Thermal hydraulics: actuation systems, power shift transmission systems, anti-lock braking systems, landing gear, fuel injection systems, active suspension systems, lubrication systems* Gas dynamics: pneumatics, propulsion, sterilization, air and steam cycles, high-pressure gas, gas transmission, adsorption, gas phase reactions, HVAC, ECS, multi-species gaseous systems* Multiphase fluids: refrigeration, air-conditioning, climate control, cryogenic piping networks, steam/water systems, or fuel systems with exotic, volatile fluids.* Systems control hardware and software evaluation data acquisition sampling rates, asynchronous communication, analog and digital electronic filters, control loop execution rates, network (CAN bus communication, etc.* Fuel cells: stationary or mobile.* Electrical systems: AC/DC machines, power electronics, batteries, etc. Flight dynamics, and control systems of all kinds including digital filters

MSC Easy5的独到之处在于：其一，强大的控制系统仿真分析能力，可以建立各种复杂的控制系统模型，包含稳态分析、线性系统分析、频域响应、根轨迹分析等完整的控制系统分析类型；其二，多学科专业应用库，借助专业应用库中的预定义模型元件，向用户提供独一无二的建立系统级模型和研究多学科系统耦合问题的能力；其三，卓越的代码生成和求解器，可以由图形化系统模型自动生成相应的FORTRAN或C源代码，这些代码可以通过编译生成可执行程序，并可被用户调用；其四，高效的高级建模和二次开发功能，方便用户创建用户化模型元件，并可调用外部FORTRAN或C子程序；其五，与其它CAE软件良好的集成能力，可以将不同CAE软件所建立的模型集成到MSC Easy5中建立完整的虚拟样机，是真正的协同仿真平台。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。