外膜

Methods Eighty ASA physical status Ⅰand Ⅱpatients 18~65 years of age, scheduled for URL, were randomized into group CSEA(n=40) and group EA (n=40).Pinprick method was employed to determine anesthesia level, and local anesthetic dosage, onset time, time to attain optimal anesthesia level and anesthesia effect were recorded. Hypotension, shiver, postoperative headache and lumbodorsal pain were observed.

选择ASAⅠⅡ级、年龄18岁～65岁拟行尿道输尿管镜下碎石术的患者80例，随机分为腰麻—硬膜外联合麻醉和硬膜外麻醉两组；每组40例，采用针刺法测定麻醉平面，观察两组病例用药量、起效时间，上升到各个麻醉平面上界的时间及麻醉效果；术中患者出现低血压、寒战、术后头痛、腰背痛发生率。

Methods :25 cases of traumatic hydrocephalus were analysed retrospectively.Among them,3 cases showed brain contusion,4 with subrarchnoid hemorrhage,5 with subdural effusion,2 with epidural hematoma,1 with subdural hematoma,1 with fracture of skull,3 with malacia lesions,3 with cerebral infarction,and 2 with cerebral hernia.The other 3 cases were not associated,with intracranial traumatic anomaly.

回顾分析25例外伤性脑积水，其中分别伴颅脑损伤有3例脑挫伤、4例蛛网膜下腔出血、5例硬膜下积液、1例颅骨骨折、3例脑内软化灶、3例脑梗塞、2例硬膜外血肿、1例硬膜下血肿、2例脑疝(大脑镰下疝及钩回疝各1例)，另3例颅内未见外伤性异常改变与其并存。

The paramedian as opposed to midlineneedle approach and smaller epidural needle or catheter gaugesdo not reduce the risk of epidural vein cannulation.

以下两种策略未能降低误置入硬膜外静脉的风险：旁正中进针穿刺法相比中线进针法和采用较小号硬膜外穿刺针或导管。

The metabolic and endocrine sequelae of intrafacetal depot steroids have not been studied, but extrapolating from epidural steroid injections, one would expect suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis lasting up to 4 weeks depending on the depot steroid used, and impaired insulin sensitivity manifesting as elevated glucose levels for less than a week.251,252 Although rare, a host of infections have been reported after intraarticular injections including septic arthritis, epidural abscess, and meningitis.253–255 Case reports of spinal anesthesia and postdural puncture headache have also been published.256,257

小关节间隙类固醇滞留所产生的代谢和内分泌作用也未见研究，但是从硬膜外类固醇注射可以推知，依据使用量的不同，其抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的时间可以持续4周。很多报道显示关节内注射后可以发生感染，但发生率较少，包括脓毒性关节炎，硬膜外脓肿及脑膜炎。也可见关于脊髓麻痹及穿刺后疼痛的报道。

Gestational hypertension is a common disease. Continue epidural anaesth during caesarean section is effective and safe for puerperant and infant.

妊娠高血压疾病是孕产妇常见病之一，行剖宫产麻醉应首先选用持续硬膜外麻醉，麻醉中无麻醉并发症发生，术后可在硬膜外腔内持续用镇痛药物，解决术后患者疼痛，其方法为安全适宜，麻醉平面易控制，对母婴影响小，并发症少等优点。

Objective To compare the effects and complications of epidural anesthesia and combined sinal and epidural anesthesia for transurethral ureteroscope lithotripsy, and to discuss anesthesia methods for URL.

目的：观察比较硬膜外麻醉和腰麻硬膜外联合麻醉两种麻醉方法，用于输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石器行经尿道输尿管镜下碎石术的麻醉效果及并发症，探讨尿道输尿管镜下碎石手术的麻醉方法。

Objective To investigate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of the two anesthesiological approaches applied in TURP.

目的 探讨腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉、单纯硬膜外麻醉在经尿道前列腺电切术中的临床效果和安全性。

Theepidural stimulation test was performed after catheter placement,after local anesthetic boluses, and during epidural analgesia,up to six times in each patient.

分别在导管置入后、局部麻醉药推注后、硬膜外镇痛过程中，对每位病人进行最多6次的硬膜外刺激试验。

The transmission is conducted in the form of action potentials along the axon of DRG neuron to the presynaptic membrane in spinal dorsal horn. Action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane and activates the voltage-dependent Ca〓 channel. The influx of Ca〓 then triggers the release of neurotransmitter.

外界感觉信息以动作电位的形式沿DRG细胞轴突由外周传向DRG细胞在脊髓背角的突触前膜，导致细胞膜去极化，引起电压依赖性〓通道的开放，〓内流介导突触前膜神经递质的释放，从而完成感觉信息由外周向脊髓的传递。

Methods 100 examples,randoms choosing scheduled time line underbelly operation (operation,the womb cut completely or satisfy time eager operation,ovary tumour operation including cutting the palace product open) divide into two set,a forms:give hard film outside rentaini 0.4 mg + 0.75% bupivacaine 20 ml formulating cheng 100 ml analgesias,b group behind the skill:100 ml compounding cheng ease pain,comparatively,the life body collects,optesthesia simulates grade and bad reaction in giving hard film outside rentaini 0.4 mg + interest rate of 0.75% bupivacaine 20 ml + fluorines pai many 2 ml after the skill.results two set of patient skill queens circulation stabilizes equally,skill queen vas difference has no statistics significance,two set of analgesic effects have no notable difference,b many by-reaction of fluorine pai benefit appears on group but.

择期行下腹部手术(包括剖宫产手术、子宫全切或次全切手术、卵巢肿瘤手术)100例，随机分成两组，a组：在术后予硬膜外芬太尼0.4mg+0.75%布比卡因20 ml配制成100 ml镇痛。b组：在术后予硬膜外芬太尼0.4mg+0.75%布比卡因20ml+氟哌利多5mg配制成100ml镇痛，比较生命体征、视觉模拟评分和不良反应。结果两组患者术后循环均稳定，术后vas差异无统计学意义，两组镇痛效果无显著差异，但b组出现氟哌利多不良反应。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。