外膜

In ultrasound-guided interscalene block, do we know where the epineurium is?

在超声引导下行斜角肌间神经阻滞，我们知道哪里是神经外膜吗？

Histology revealed penetration ofthe epineurium in these same 24 nerves.

此24例中，组织学检查提示有神经外膜的穿透。

CME Regional Anesthesia, Intraneural Injection, and Nerve Injury: Beyond the Epineurium.

CME 局部麻醉，神经内注射，和神经损伤：不只是神经外膜。

METHODS: The bilateral facial nerve were obtained from rabbits, and removed the adipose tissue and epineurium of the nerve surface under the surgery microscope, then divided these nerves into 66 segments, with each length of 10 mm.

取兔双侧面神经，在手术显微镜下去除神经表面的脂肪组织和神经外膜，将其分为每段10 mm长，共66条。

Methods One-stage emergent repair of89upper extremity peripheral nervous injuries by epineurium suture.

采用显微外科技术急诊Ⅰ期神经外膜缝合修复上肢周围神经损伤89例。

Large numbers of experiments internal and external had confirmed both direct current and square pulse of distal end cathodal could improve peripheral nerve regeneration, because it could speed up transmigration, creeper, growth and development of cell Schwann, derivate growth of nerve fiber; it also increased blood capillary of epineurium, brood blood vessel, amendment ischemic of impaired nerve, it still could accelerate Wallerian

国内外大量的基础实验及临床研究都证实远端负极电流的直流电场及脉冲电场等均有促进周围神经再生的作用，认为其可加速Schwann细胞的游走、爬行及生长发育，诱导神经纤维的生长；电刺激还能促使神经外膜毛细血管数量增多，扩张血管，改善神经损伤段缺血状态，并加速Wallerian变性及崩解组织的清除，为Schwann细胞发育和髓鞘化过程提供充足的能量与物质，同时为神经轴突的再生提供良好的内环境；在神经断端出现瘢痕或神经瘤时，电刺激可增加神经纤维穿越瘢痕的能力。

Part three: An experiment study on the repair of peripheral nerve injury by NT-3 gene modified neural stem cells objective To investigate the effective treatment of peripheral nerve injury with NT-3 gene modified neural stem cells, to explore the feasibility of the treatment by means of gene transfection Methods 54 SD rats were divided evenly into 3 groups. The sciatic nerve transected model were made and sutured end to end with epineurium. The neural stem cell without NT-3 gene or with NT-3 gene modified were injected into triceps muscle one time a week, saline injected as control group. The nerve trunks of stomas and triceps muscle were acted as specimen three weeks、six weeks and nine weeks after operation.

最后，为了探讨神经营养素-3基因修饰的神经干细胞对周围神经再生修复的影响，从转基因角度探讨治疗周围神经损伤的有效方法，我们选用54只SD大鼠随机分为3组，造成坐骨神经切断损伤模型，神经外膜端端对位缝合后，于小腿三头肌每周分别注射生理盐水、未被神经营养素-3基因修饰的神经干细胞、及神经营养素-3基因修饰的神经干细胞。

Results There was no obvious change in the ulstrasonographic characteristics and the pathology of the control group.The diameters,internal echo,the continuity of internal linear echo and epineurium changed correpondingly with time of compression in different model groups.

结果声像图表现：对照组与卡压前正常神经未见明显改变，各卡压组高频超声下均可观察到相应声像图变化，随卡压时间的延长，卡压两端内径逐渐增粗，内部回声逐渐减低，内部线性回声连续性差，神经外膜逐渐增厚。

METHODS The animal models of the transected sciatic nerve of 40 SD rats were established, which divided into 4 groups: normal saline group, nerve growth factor group, bFGF group and normal control group. The epineurium of the transected sciatic nerve was sutured under microscope, then bFGF or NGF was dropped into local sites and injected intramuscularly once a day for 30 days after operation.

建立大鼠坐骨神经离断模型，镜下进行神经外膜缝合，局部滴加药物和术后肌注bFGF 以及临床用药神经生长因子，通过神经传导速度和功能指数评定观察坐骨神经修复情况。

The results showed the ulcer of affected limb healed at 16w after operation in the SIS compound of SCs group, the diameter and appearance of graft is similar to the proximal and distal segment of sciatic nerve without neuroma formation. Plenty of regenerative vascular net was evident on the epineurium.

结果显示，术后16周，SIS复合雪旺细胞组患肢溃疡基本愈合，移植段与近、远坐骨神经直径相当，外观相似，未见神经瘤形成，外膜表面可见丰富的再生血管网。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。