外壁

By the support of the present project, 3 articles have been published, 4 articles have been submitted to Grana and Acta Botanica Yunnanica etc and some papers is in preparing.

结果表明：蕨类植物孢子外壁和周壁来源于孢子囊内层绒毡层细胞；孢子表面纹饰有的种类由外壁形成，有的种类是由周壁形成；孢子纹饰是在四分孢子形成后迅速形成的，形成的时间很短并比较稳定。

Convolvulus P. multiflorum P. cuspidatum have the exine stratification considered as typical of the dicots, endexine, foot layer, columellae and tectum.

结果表明：外壁结构分化成两个明显的层次，即外面的外壁外层以及内面的外壁内层，其外壁外层由覆盖层、柱状层和底层组成的。

Based on the in-situ measurement of temperature during freezing sinking,the influence of the temperature field of ice wall on that of outer shaft wall was studied.

通过对龙固副井冻结凿井期间外壁与冻结壁温度的现场实测，研究了冻结壁温度场对外壁水化热温度场的影响，获得了特厚冲积层冻结凿井期间外壁及冻结壁温度变化的基本规律。

The numerical results show that, surface temperature gradient in the pool heated from inner wall is 10% higher than that heated from outer wall with a fixed temperature difference between the outer and inner walls. Meanwhile, the critical Marangoni number for the incipience of hydrothermal wave (Ma_{c}=3.06\times 10^{5}) in the pool heated from inner wall is smaller than that (Ma_{c}=3.34\times 10^{5}) heated from outer wall.

发现在内外壁间温差相同的情况下，在内壁加热的液层里，流体表面的温度梯度高于外壁加热情况下10%左右；相应地，发生热流体波的临界Marangoni 数Ma_{c}=3.06\times 10^{5}(或临界温差\Delta T_{c}=4.58K)低于外壁加热情况下的Ma_{c}=3.34\times 10^{5}(或\Delta T_{c}=5.0K)。

After 30 days, the cultures were preserved in darkness, and 4 types of resting cysts were found after another 90 days:(1) spherical to ovoid cysts (25-39 μm long) covered by asparse or numerous calcareous attachments (1-4 μm long) and a calcareous surface;(2) spherical cysts (29-35 μm diameter) with a noncalcareous surface attachment, calcareous surface;(3)spherical to ovoid cysts (29-35 μm long) w ithout any surface attachment and a calcareous surface; and (4) spherical c ysts (24- 35 μm diameter) without any surface attachment and an organic surf ace.

培养30天后，培养液中有大量休眠孢囊，将藻液避光保存90天后，观察到培养基中有4种类型的休眠孢囊产生：(1)球形到椭球形(长25-39 μm)，钙质外壁，稀疏或密被钙质附属物(长1-4 μm)；(2)球形(直径为29-35 μm)，钙质外壁，附属物非钙质(长0.5-1.5 μm)；(3)球形到椭球形(长29-35 μm)，钙质，表面光滑，无附属物；(4)球形(直径24-35 μm )，有机外壁，无附属物。

Pollen morphology and exine ultrastructure Pollen exine ultrastructure of five species in Stachyurus and one species of its sister group, Crossosoma californicum, were investigated under transmission electron microcopy for the first time. The pollen morphology of Crossosoma californicum was studied under Scanning Electron Microcopy.

花粉形态学和外壁超微结构在透射电镜下研究了旌节花属5个代表种和1个外类群的花粉外壁超微结构，并在扫描电镜下研究了外类群Crossosomataceae 1个代表种的花粉形态学特征，结合前人的研究，探讨了上述性状的分类学意义。

The ornamentation of exosporium varies from species.

苔藓孢子的外壁纹饰不同，一般认为孢子外壁光滑是进化性状，外壁上各种突起排列密集的则较为原始。

But when they expressed alone, cry26 gene leaded inclusion body formation within or outside of the exosporium, whereas cry28 gene only induced crystal formation outside of exosporium. All of the proteins could not stably exist.

而当两个cry基因单独存在时，cry26基因表达合成的内含体位置不确定，大部分在芽胞外壁外侧形成，少数在芽胞外壁内侧形成；而cry28基因则只在芽胞外壁外侧表达合成内含体。

The size, shape and exine ornamentation,verrucose,exine thickness,and the size of lumina in pollen grains are of great significance in the systematics at species level of the genus Calamus.

花粉的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、外壁是否有突起，外壁厚度和网状纹饰网眼的大小，对于省藤属的种级分类有较大的意义。

All the species are characterized by having an adaxial epidermis of the ligules consisting of oblong, tabular cells, with the radical and tangential walls being straight; the outer wall with a characteristic thickening along the median plane of the cell; the median plane of the cuticle of outer wall with a pattern of longitudinal rugose stripes; and no systematic connection between the patterns of adjacent cells.

所有种类舌片近轴面的细胞为板状，长圆形；径向、切向壁直；外壁特征性突起，外壁中央为纵向皱纹，相邻细胞之间的纹饰无系统连接。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷