复杂性

The complexity of the society originates from the contingency,ambiguousness and impenetrability of human consciousness and from the "double contingency"in the communication.Various technologies that can be used to reduce the complex of society are the basis of social order.

虽然在社会学中复杂性问题一直没有成为一个专门课题，由于复杂性是社会过程的基本特征之一，社会学家关于社会过程的描述和分析不可避免与当前有关复杂性问题的讨论有许多契合之处，从而给社会学家提供了参与复杂性研究的机会。

The key of studying this kind of complex system, is adopting the theory and methodology of complex system, combining the basic law of rock mechanics, found the scientific model and system info of complex system. To nonlinear, anomalistic geometry et.

对于这样的复杂性系统研究的关键，是采用复杂性系统的理论方法，并结合岩石力学的本质规律，采用适当的研究方法，建立复杂性系统的科学模型和理论体系。

In chapter 2, we demarcate the sciences of complexity by methodology.

第二章论证了复杂性科学的方法论界定标准——非还原论或整体论，这一界定标准也适用于复杂性科学的研究对象，本论文正是根据这一标准来判定复杂性和复杂系统

The disorder contained can only cause the complexity in the organization, disorder outside organization has the influence to organization complexity, but it cannot cause the organization the complexity, only if it is absorbed and in the organization, can the disorder constitute the complexity; all nature of the complexity is produced because of the disorder in the organization, if there is no the disorder, the organization has no nature such as fortuitousness, randomness, multiplicity and non-linearity, and it is impossible to appear the perturbation, the fluctuation, emerges with phenomenon such as branch, and cannot change suddenly and evolve.

无序只有包含于组织中才能够导致复杂性，组织外的无序对组织的复杂性产生影响，但它不能导致组织的复杂性，只有被组织吸收，成为组织内的无序，才能构成复杂性。复杂性的所有性质都因包含于组织中的无序而产生。没有无序，组织就没有偶然性、随机性、多样性和非线性等性质，就不可能出现扰动、涨落、涌现和分岔等现象，就不能突变和进化。

Through review historical cognitions on relations between complexity and randomicity, bring forth and analyzing immediate relationships between randomicity and Kolmogorov complexity from computer science, this paper tries to peel off some errors understanding on this relations and to return real relations about the them, and analyzing Gell Mann effective complexity concept, argument that two relations between complexity and randomicity, and three random instances.

本文通过对历史上复杂性与随机性关系的认识回顾，展示和分析了起源于计算机科学领域的Kolmogorov复杂性与随机性的直接关联，分析了盖尔曼的有效复杂性概念，论证了两种复杂性与随机性的关系，以及随机性的不同情况，力图剥离混合在复杂性与随机性相互关系上的一些误读和误解，还复杂性与随机性一种客观的本真关系。

Halford et al. proposed a theory of relational complexity to interpret the essence of task difficulty. To be exact, the difficulty of task can be determined by the number of argument or dimension related, which is called the re?鄄lational complexity. The relational complexity is increased with the processing demand. We can adopt such mech?鄄anisms as conceptual chunking and segmentation to reduce the complexity.

哈尔福德等人提出了评估任务难度的关系复杂性理论，认为任务难度可由相关的变量数量即关系复杂性来确定；关系复杂性越大加工要求也越高，这时可采取概念组块和分解机制来减少复杂性；认知发展阶段可归因于随着年龄的增长能够加工的关系复杂性的增加。

You will understand what I mean by COMPLEXITYby noting these three aspects. Firstly, it refers tothe complexity in form. When CAD becameinvolved in the design process Architect's wereenabled with a higher level of control over evermore complex geometry. Consequently it canand will generate infinite possibilities in the futurefor form finding, which has shifted in emphasis asa more logical design process based onsystematic theories away from intuitive designtechniques. Secondly, it illustrates our growingsocial complexity. As technologies allow peopleto send and receive more information than before,in ever shorter time frames, the function ofarchitecture and urban space will increasinglybecoming ambiguous. Emergent, adaptive andtransformable spaces are replacing limitedfunction spaces gradually. Even a single spacewould afford more potential functions. Lastly, Iam referring to the complexity of collective design team organizations working on different projects.The fact is that our social work division is moreintricate and variegated today; Architects mustby necessity negotiate with governmentalauthorities, material suppliers, engineeringconsultants, quantity surveyor, contractors,planning authorities, landscape architects, interiordesigners, acoustical engineers, et cetera besidesjust our clients. Meanwhile, projects and designteams tend now to be a globally dispersednetwork. All of these things are challenging theconventional architectural practice, it'sorganization, and administration significantly.

Complex可以从3个层面上理解：首先是指设计形式上的复杂性，即引入计算机数字化技术后，建筑师可以设计和控制更高级、更复杂的几何形体，而不是简单地发挥计算机复制、粘贴的画图优势，让计算机真正参与到设计过程中，带来更多设计形式上的可能性（需要指出的是，这种形式上的演进已经从开始的直觉行为转成由系统理论指导的理性应用）；第二，是指与社会学相关的复杂性，科技让人们更多更快地接受和传递信息，建筑和城市空间的功能性变得越来越模糊，无法预知，随时间调整自身、不断变化的空间正在不自觉地逐步取代原有功能确定的传统空间，或者说一个空间要承受比以前晰释复杂性ARTICULATING COMPLEXITY多得多的功能要求；最后，是指在一个建筑方案内团队组织的复杂性，社会分工越来越详尽，建筑师要面对的除了甲方和使用者，还有政府权力部门、材料供应商、工程技术部门、合同签约顾问、城市规划部门、景观设计师、室内设计师、音响设计师等等相关的合作单位，同时，在项目和设计职员的地域分布上更趋向全球化，这些都带给建筑事务所内部管理和组织上前所未有的复杂性。

Now most doctors recommend that CAF should get early open reduction and internal fixation.But for the patients who were accompanied with colostomy,cystostomy,bedsore,contunding and infected skin near the approach,how to determine the indications,manage and win the opportunity of operation to improve the quality of life is a significant topic for study and discussion.

目前，多数学者主张复杂性髋臼骨折尽量争取早期手术切开复位内固定，对于合并有结肠、膀胱造瘘、褥疮和入路附近皮肤挫伤感染的复杂性髋臼骨折，如何确定手术指征、争取手术时机、采用合理的术式、改善患者愈后生活质量是复杂性髋臼骨折治疗过程中面临的一个重要课题。

A series of complications may emerge in the course of therapy.Now most doctors recommend that CAF should get early open reduction and internal fixation.But for the patients who were accompanied with colostomy,cystostomy,bedsore,contunding and infected skin near the approach,how to determine the indications,manage and win the opportunity of operation to improve the quality of life is a significant topic for study and discussion.

目前，多数学者主张复杂性髋臼骨折尽量争取早期手术切开复位内固定，对于合并有结肠、膀胱造瘘、褥疮和入路附近皮肤挫伤感染的复杂性髋臼骨折，如何确定手术指征、争取手术时机、采用合理的术式、改善患者愈后生活质量是复杂性髋臼骨折治疗过程中面临的一个重要课题。

On the basis of a civil aviation calamity,which is a complex system, its complexity is probed with the help of the complexity theory's tools (such as chaos, fractal, ANN and so on) and the method of early-warning management , and a primary theoretic frame of complexity research of the civil aviation cala.

提出将民航灾害看作一个复杂系统，借助分形理论、混沌理论、人工神经网络等复杂性科学的工具，并结合预警管理方法，对民航灾害的复杂性进行探索，初步构造了民航灾害复杂性研究的理论框架。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。