壳斗

On the identification and classification of the fagaceous wood.

壳斗科木材识别和分类。

Comparative genomics in Salicaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae and Hamamelidaceae had shown that the organization of genomes remained highly conserved over long evolutionary periods and extensive synteny or collinarity or microcollinarity existed in tree genomes.

有关林木比较基因组学研究主要集中在杨柳科、松科、蔷薇科、壳斗科和金缕梅科的一些树种中。

Leaf blade abaxially covered with lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes, apex acuminate to caudate; secondary veins 10-15 on each side of midvein; cupule discoid, 1.2-1.5 cm

为片状的腊制的鳞片状的毛状体，先端渐尖到尾状所覆盖的叶片背面；次脉10-15在中脉两边各；盘状的壳斗，1.2-1.5厘米 53 Lithocarpus nantoensis 南投柯

Female inflorescences in leaf axils toward apex of branchlets, with few to many cupules; flowers solitary; perianth 5- or 6-lobed; staminodes sometimes present, small; ovary (2-or)3(or 4)-loculed; stigmas dilated or ligulate, lining inner faces of styles.

在小枝，具少数到多数壳斗的叶腋向先端里的雌花序；花单生花被5或6浅裂；退化雄蕊有时存在，小；子房(2或者)室3(或4)；柱头膨大的或舌状，排队的花柱的内面。

The diversity index and evenness index of tree species in medium-aged stands averaged 1.79 and 0.53. The dominant family for the forest was Fagaceae in terms of importance value, and the dominant tree species were Castanopsis eyrei, C. sclerophlla, Lithocarpus harlandii, and Cyclobalanopsis glauca.

肖坑亚热带常绿阔叶林的树种多样性较低，中龄林林分平均多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为1.79和0.53；依据优势度划分，该地区常绿阔叶林的优势科为壳斗科，优势种为甜槠、苦槠、青冈和东南石栎。

Based upon the ecoanatomical method, leaf anatomical characters of eleven populations of six evergreen species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca, C. myrsinaefolia, C. gracilis, Castanopsis sclerophylla, C. eyrei and Lithocarpus glaber) from the eastern subtropical area of China were analyzed and compared with SPSS, DCA and TWINSPAN. The results are: 1. Although the leaf structures of the eleven populations still belong to the mesophyll type, they all express the trend of xerophilization. 2. There are some differences in leaf anatomical characters among populations, species and genera, which occur as the results of their adaptation to different habitats. 3. Different leaf anatomical characters have different variations among populations, species and genera, of which leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness (considered as ecological adaptation characters) have greater variation than sponge tissue thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermis thickness (as systematical evolution characters). 4. The leaves of C. sclerophylla and C. glauca with thicker lamina, palisade tissue and cuticle (a multilayered upper epidermis in C. sclerophylla) are thought to better adapt to their dry habitat. The leaves of C. eyrei with thicker sponge tissue, although characterized by a multlayered upper epidermis, adapt to their humid and warm habitat. The leaves of C. myrsinaefolia and C. gracilis characterized by a thinner lamina, a less palisade tissue and a moderate cuticle thickness adapt to the humid and cool habitat in a middle mountain.

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈、小叶青冈、细叶青冈、苦槠、甜槠和石栎）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS， DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：①尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；②叶的解剖性状在属间、种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；③叶片的不同解剖性状在属、种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海绵组织、下角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；④苦槠、青冈具有较厚的叶片、栅栏组织、角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较薄的叶片和栅栏组织、角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的适应。

Cupule subglobose, 3.5-4.5 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, wall 4-6 mm thick and ± woody when dry; bracts subulate, 6-10 mm, woody and multiangular, base 4-8 mm in diam., apex shortly pointed.

壳斗近球形，直径3.5-4.5厘米，完全包裹坚果，壁4-6毫米厚，干时多少木质；苞片钻形，6-10毫米，木质多角，基部直径4-8毫米，先端短尖。

Furthermore, nuclear PHYC gene was used to place Myricaceae with more confidence.

在此基础上针对具体问题，进一步选用核光敏色素PHYC基因序列对杨梅科在壳斗目中的系统位置进行了更深入的探讨。

Inflorescence spikelike, cylindrical, composed of spiny or bristly deciduous burrs arranged along an angular, often sinuous rachis; burrs sessile or with an obconical basal stipe, each composed of 1 or more sessile spikelets surrounded by an involucre of spines and bristles; bristles flexuous or more often spinous,± flattened, grooved on the outer face, united below, the degree of union varying from a small basal disk to a deep cupule, inner spines or bristles often ciliate around spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, acute; glumes unequal, shorter than spikelet, lower sometimes suppressed; lower floret membranous, staminate or neuter; upper floret firmer, protogynous.

花序穗状，圆筒状，由落叶的毛刺沿着一具角安排的具刺的或具刚毛，通常波状的轴组成；毛刺无梗或具基部的倒锥状柄，每一个由1无梗或更多组成以总苞的刺和刚毛包围；或更多的刚毛曲折通常spinous，多少扁平，在外面上具凹槽，下面的合生，协会的度从一小的基部的花盘变化到一深的壳斗，小穗披针形，锐尖；不等长的颖片，短于小穗，降低有时压抑；更低的小花膜质，雄蕊花的或中性；坚定的上面小花，雌蕊先熟。

Leaf margin with 5-7 rounded or retuse lobes on each side; blade abaxially glabrous; bracts of cupule gray tomentose; nuts mature the same year as flowering

叶缘具5-7圆形的或微凹裂片在每边；叶片背面无毛；壳斗的苞片灰色被绒毛；与花笨成熟相同的年 12 Q。 robur 夏栎

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。