壳斗

If the arboreous lamina such as oak of distant Dong Li, Mongolia, Mongolian oak is feed,tussah basically belongs to a plant with cupule division oak, because its have up gender, phototaxis two big characteristics, cannot put medium breed aquatics in special container like the silkworm so, can put in oak tree to assume office only its are collected by oneself feed a leaf, prevent a bird by artificial and responsible nurse, move silkworm (put to another tree again after leaf dispose of) etc.

柞蚕主要以壳斗科栎属植物如辽东栎、蒙古栎、槲等树木的叶片为饲料，因其有向上性、趋光性两大特征，所以无法像桑蚕一样放在专用容器中养殖，只能放在柞树上任其自行采食树叶，并由人工负责看护防鸟、移蚕(当树叶吃光后再放到另一棵树上)等。

Leaf margin with 5-7 lobes on each side ending in 10-30 awns; blade glabrous or barbate; bracts of cupule glabrous; nuts mature 1 year after flowering

叶缘具5-7裂片在每边结束于10-30芒；叶片无毛的或具髯毛；壳斗的苞片无毛；坚果成熟的1 年花后 11 Q。 palustris 沼生栎

The species diversity of Dipentodon sinicus communities in Yushe National Forest Park of Guizhou province was studied based on the quadrate method. The results showed that Rosaceae, Ericaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Lauraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae were the dominant families in D. sinicus communities of Yushe National Forest Park. In the 10 sample plots, there were 8 which were absolutely dominated with D. sinicus population, the importance value came up to 135.69 on average, and it was far higher than the others. For D. sinicus communities, the abundance index (2.847), Simpson index (0.601), Shannon-Wiener index (1.523), probability of inter-specific encounter (0.601) and species evenness (0.569) of the tree layer were lower than those of the shrub layer (5.580, 0.830, 2.377, 0.829, 0.672, respectively) on the whole. It markedly showed a species diversity characteristic of the mixed broadleaved evergreen and deciduous forest in middle subtropics. In the 10 sample plots, the species diversity level of Q1 was the highest, followed by Q3, Q5 and Q6 was the lowest.

摘要运用样方法对贵州省玉舍国家级森林公园稀有保护植物十齿花群落的物种多样性进行了研究，结果表明：玉舍国家级森林公园十齿花群落以蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科、桦木科、山茶科、樟科、忍冬科、山茱萸科等为优势科；10个样地中有8个样地以十齿花种群占绝对优势，其平均重要值高达135.69，远远高于其它种群；十齿花群落乔木层物种丰富度为2.847、Simpson指数为0.601、Shannon-Wiener指数为1.523、种间相遇机率为0.601、均匀度指数为0.569，总体上均小于灌木层(分别为：5.580、0.830、2.377、0.829、0.672)，表现为较明显的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性特征。10个样地中，Q1的物种多样性程度最高，Q3次之，Q5和Q6最小，多样性程度最低，10个样地的物种多样性排序为Q1＞Q3＞Q9＞Q7＞Q2＞Q4＞Q10＞Q8＞Q5＞Q6。

Results of sampling showed that the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest of Mt. Jiulianshan consisted mainly of subtropical families and genera with dominant families including Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Camelliaceae, Styracaceae, Ericaceae, and Magnoliaceae.

群落主要由热带、亚热带科属组成，优势科为壳斗科Fagaceae，樟科Lauraceae，山茶科Camelliaceae，安息香科Styracaceae，杜鹃花科Ericaceae和木兰科Magnoliaceae等科，优势树种以相应的优势科属树种为主。

The embryological characters of Castanopsis and Castanea are very similar, thus offer embryological evidence to the sister group relationship previously proposed by molecular study on Fagaceae.

栲属和栗属的胚胎发育是最相似，为壳斗科分子系统学中栲属和栗属是姐妹群的结论提供了胚胎学证据。

Leaf architecture We describe the leaf architecture of Castanopsis and its related genera and discuss the diagnostic value of the characters.

叶结构的许多特征对于鉴定壳斗科叶化石的鉴定都具有重要价值。

Fossil history Modern and geological distributions of Castanopsis are studied based on published data and herbarium specimens as well as fossil records .

根据文献资料和标本馆及化石记录，讨论了壳斗科栲属植物的现代分布和地史分布。

Based on the distribution data of 22 dominant species of typical evergreen broadleaf forest of Castanopsis , Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus and 11 climatic factors, the range types of these species and their relationship with environmental factors were analyzed by Correspond Analysis and Canonical Correspond Analysis.

以壳斗科锥属、青冈属和柯属的22个典型常绿阔叶优势种的分布资料和11项环境因子为基础，利用对应分析和典范对应分析，对这些物种的分布类型以及同环境因子之间的关系开展数量分析。

The maximum parsimony trees of matK indicated that Myricaceae are sister to (Betulaceae-Ticodendraceae)-Casuarinaceae clade; however, trnL-F trees showed that Myricaceae are sister to Juglandaceae-Rhoiptelea clade.

最简约树的严格一致树显示杨梅科和木麻黄科聚在一起得到的BS支持不强，另外桦木科和核果桦科，壳斗科和马尾树科分别聚在一起，但得到的支持都未超过50%。

Cupules enclosing at least 1/2 to all of nut; wall of nut crustaceous.

壳斗把至少1/2 附上对所有坚果；坚果的壁壳质。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。