壳斗

To large deciduous oak of central and eastern North America with ovoid acorns deeply immersed in large fringed cups; yields tough close-grained wood.

一种北美中部和东部产的栎树，中大型，槲果卵球形，壳斗大，具流苏；木材纹理细密，坚韧耐久。

Wall of cupule more than 3 mm thick or rarely thinner; leaf blade concolorous or with scalelike glands (like tiny drops of water and visible only under high magnifying lens), margin dentate or if entire then abaxially covered with long or stellate hairs.

壳斗的壁超过薄3毫米厚或很少；叶片两面同色或具鳞片状腺体(象极小滴水一样和可见只在高放大透镜下)， 22

Cupule bracts not spiny; cupules less than 5 cm in diam.; leaf blade rarely to 30 cm.

Cupule 苞不多刺；壳斗5厘米直径的不到；很少的叶片到30 厘米 12

Phylogenetic analyses based on individual data sets indicated that all of the families of Fagales are monophyletic, but some of the deepest branches are unresolved or only weakly supported.

壳斗目的八个科分为三支：南青冈科Nothofagaceae是基部分支；壳斗科Fagaceae接着分出；核心高等金缕梅类(core&higher&hamamelids)聚为一支，这三支也都得到了强支持。

The results were summarized as follows:1 Four cpDNA trnL-F, matK, rbcL, and atpB sequences analysis The chloroplast trnL-F, matK, rbcL, and atpB sequences from 31 species representing nearly all genera of Fagales (sensu APG, 2003) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the order.

主要内容包括：1 基于四个叶绿体DNA序列的分析以金缕梅属Hamamelis和朴树属Celtis为外类群，对壳斗目几乎所有属的代表共31种植物的trnL-F、matK、rbcL和atpB序列进行了测定，通过四个序列单独和联合分析，得到如下结果：除rbcL基因树由于信息位点少而分辨率较低之外，壳斗目各科作为单系类群在各种分析中都得到了较强的bootstrap支持。

Female inflorescences of 1-7 or more flowers subtended individually or collectively by a cupule formed from numerous fused bracts, arranged individually or in small groups along an axis or at base of an androgynous inflorescence or on a separate axis. Female flower: perianth 1-7 or more; pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-6(-9)-loculed; style and carpels as many as locules; placentation axile; ovules 2 per locule. Fruit a nut. Seed usually solitary by abortion (but may be more than 1 in Castanea , Castanopsis , Fagus , and Formanodendron ), without endosperm; embryo large.

雌花序有1-7朵花或更多花，聚生一壳斗内，壳斗为多数苞片愈合而成，雌花花被1-7或更多；雌蕊1；子房下位，3-6室(-9)；花柱、子房室和心皮同数中轴胎座每室2胚株果为一坚果种子通常单生（但是可能在Castanea，Castanopsis，Fagus 和Formanodendron里超过1个），没有胚乳；胚大。

For atpB, maximum parsimony analyses suggested that Myricaceae are sister to all other core "higher" hamamelids.

2基于线粒体matR基因序列的分析除南青冈科作为其他所有壳斗目类群的姐妹群得到强支持外，其余的壳斗目的科间系统发育关系都未得到很好的分辨。

Leaf blade abaxially glabrescent; cupule slightly expanded at maturity but not wavily rugose; cupule bracts gray pubescent; fruit maturing in 1st year, nut 1–1.5 cm in diam.

叶片背面后脱落；壳斗稍膨大成熟时但不是wavily具皱纹；壳斗苞灰色短柔毛；果成熟在内1年，坚果厘米直径 15 Q。

Leaf blade abaxially persistently hairy; cupule rim expanded and wavily rugose at maturity; cupule bracts grayish brown tomentose from base to middle, apex reddish brown glabrous; fruit maturing on 1-year-old branchlets, nut 1.5–1.8 cm in diam.

叶片背面持续有毛；扩大的壳斗边和wavily具皱纹在成熟；壳斗苞淡灰棕色被绒毛的自基部至中部，顶带红色棕色无毛；结果实到期关于1年老枝，采坚果厘米直径 14 Q。

The nuts were originally described as being separate from the cupules except for the basal part, but the authors found a considerable portion of the nut to be adnate to the cupule.

原描述说坚果除基部外均与壳斗离生，但作者发现相当多的坚果是与壳斗贴生的。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了