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However,authors still do not find the relevant references on convergence and symmetric problems of the semi-analytical solution.Based on the semi-analytical solution for Hamilton canonical equation theory,the formulations of the clamp and simply supported and symmetric boundary conditions on the Hamiltonian element are derived by the variational principle.Several numerical examples show that with increase of meshes,the convergence rate of the semi-analytical solution is faster than the convergent rate of traditional finite element method based on displacement.

①在厚度上没有任何位移和应力模式的假设，由于传递矩阵方法的引入，从理论上讲，不受板壳厚度或层合板壳层数的限制；②采用弹性力学的Hamilton正则方程半解析法，可以克服边界的局部化效应[8]；③由于在平面内或圆柱壳的曲面内采用了有限元法，所以一般的板壳问题不受结构侧面边界条件的限制，在复杂工程板壳问题上具有广泛的应用领域。

First, from room temperature to 500oC, the shell structure is amorphous with crinkly and airtight character. The shell structure begins to change into γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 at 900oC. The surface of shells shows nano-sized pores at 900oC from SEM and BET analyses. When heated to 1000oC and 1100oC, the shell forms stable α-Al2O3 structure with smooth surface. Cracks often occur at the triple grain junctions. The specific surface area and the total pore volume of the hollow spheres increase with the calcination temperature.

首先，将锻烧温度由室温提升至500℃时，球壳属非晶相皱褶状致密结构；在900℃时开始有γ-Al2O3相及些许的α-Al2O3相出现，由SEM及BET结果得知，900℃之球壳表面有许多奈米级孔洞出现；当加热至1000℃和1100℃时，球壳形成稳定相之Al2O3结构，壳层表面趋於平滑，且球壳在晶界处有微裂缝存在；由BET 结果得知，比表面积及总孔洞体积会随锻烧温度之增加，有增加之趋势。

Origin, developmental changes and homologies of the stage morphostructures were considered according to their location in three morphogenetic fields. The first, or central, field forms at the prodissoconch I stage. It can be inherited by prodissoconch II and nepioconch stages in one taxa, or PD-II, N and dissoconch stages in others. The second, or postero-dorsal, field appears at the N stage, and the third field, or antero-dorsal, at the D stage.

主要对3个形态发生区域的阶段形态结构的起源、发育变化和同源性做了研究，其一，即中央区域，开始形成于前双壳I期，在某个分类单元它可以在前双壳II期和幼贝期形成，而在其它分类单元则在前双壳II期、幼贝期和双壳期形成；第二区域，即背部后区，在幼贝期出现；第三区域，即背部前区，出现于双壳期。

Origin, developmental changes and homologies of the stage morphostructures were considered according to their location in three morphogenetic fields. The first, or central, field forms at the prodissoconch Ⅰ stage. It can be inherited by prodissoconch Ⅱ and nepioconch stages in one taxa, or PD-Ⅱ, N and dissoconch stages in others.

其一，即中央区域，开始形成于前双壳Ⅰ期，在某个分类单元它可以在前双壳Ⅱ期和幼贝期形成，而在其它分类单元则在前双壳Ⅱ期、幼贝期和双壳期形成；第二区域，即背部后区，在幼贝期出现；第三区域，即背部前区，出现于双壳期。

Several inducers cicada exuviae, colloidal chitin, horsefly cuticle, shrimp, maggot and silkworm chrysalis were compared with their effects on production of cuticle-degrading protease of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae.

研究了不同碳氮源对金龟子绿僵菌产生与分解昆虫外壳相关的蛋白酶活性和同工酶谱带的影响。结果表明：蝉蜕、虻虫壳、蝇蛆壳、蚕蛹壳、虾壳、胶体几丁质均可使金龟子绿僵菌产生蛋白酶，虾壳和胶体几丁质所产生的蛋白酶比活性最高，蝉蜕次之。

Themain contents of this dissertation are as follows:(1) The quality analytiedal results of chitosan are as follows: water for 15.205%;degree of deacetylation 92.671%; the weight average relative molecular weight ofchitosan 195900; the viscosity average relative molecular weight of chitosan 194100;and the decomposing temperature 298℃. The infrared ray IR spectra of chitosanshows that the feature-absorbing band of chitosan amido was 1601cm~(-1), that ofβ-indican bond was 986cm~(-1). The results of the X-ray diffraction of chitosan indicatesthat its degree of deacetylation and degree of crystal are both big.

本文的主要内容如下：(1)对壳聚糖的质量进行分析，其水份为15.205％，脱乙酰度为92.671％，重均分子量为195900，黏均分子量为194100，分解温度为298℃，壳聚糖的红外光谱表明，壳聚糖—NH_2的特征吸收峰为1601cm~(-1)，β-糖苷键的特征吸收峰为986cm~(-1)，壳聚糖的X-衍射图表明壳聚糖原料的脱乙酰度和结晶度均较大。

The analysis of 1H NMR showed that the succinyl group was successfully conjugated to the amino group of chitosan molecule, and the degree of substitution of Suc-Chi values increased with increasing succinic anhydride/amino mole ratio or reducing the molecular weight of chitosan.

利用壳聚糖和琥珀酰酐反应合成了N-琥珀酰壳聚糖，1H NMR分析表明通过反应可在壳聚糖的侧氨基引入亲水性的羧基，增加琥珀酰酐／氨基的摩尔投料比或者选择分子质量较小的壳聚糖，有利于提高N-琥珀酰壳聚糖的琥珀酰化度。

Two freshwater testate amoebae, Difflugia acuminata magna Deflandre, 1926 and D. paulii Ogden, 1983, isolated from Lake Qihu, Hubei Province, China on 17 Feb. 2004, were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy.

记述了首次在中国湖北七湖中鉴定到的隶属肉鞭门根足总纲叶足纲表壳目砂壳科砂壳虫属的2种中国新纪录种：大尖顶砂壳虫Difflugia acuminata magna Deflandre，1926和泡利砂壳虫D.paulii Ogden，1983。

Latens was shell length, shell width, shell weight, and aperture width, respectively.

latens的蟹—壳关系中，与蟹介量最相关的壳介量分别是壳长、壳宽、壳重及壳口宽。

It is available to carry out numerical simulation and fluid dynamic analysis further. Based on Frozen-Rotor Approach and Rotor-Stator Approach, the numerical simulation was carried out in the centrifugal pump and the numerical results showed that the flow in the impeller and volute of centrifugal pump is periodically unsteady. Due to the interaction between impeller and volute the flow is characterized by pressure fluctuations and it is the strongest at impeller outlet and at the vicinity of the tongue. The unsteady pressure fluctuations are also one of the most important reasons to induce vibration and noise. Secondly, the flow field of the volute is characteristic of the vortex flow, and the vortex flow presents very complicated developing process which is creating, increasing and dissipating every now and then. All these lead to very large flow loss in the volute.

采用Frozen-Rotor冻结转子模式和Rotor-Stator滑移界面模式系统开展了不同工况下离心泵内叶轮与蜗壳耦合的定常和非定常流动研究，结果表明由于叶轮与蜗壳的干扰蜗壳进口周向流动的不均匀性是非常强烈的，特别是叶轮与蜗舌间的相互干扰最为强烈，一直影响到叶轮进口和蜗壳扩散管出口的流场；在蜗壳内整个流动是以旋涡形式向出口推进的，并随着包角的变化旋涡表现出十分复杂的产生、发展和耗散的演化过程，导致蜗壳内较大的流动损失。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。