声学

From specific analysis of several factors that affect sound quality of piano acoustic panel ,taking panio acoustic panel for example,the sound quality of piano acoustic panel is directly presented in order to establish acoustic fictitious system and test methods that are suitable for computer of piano acoustic quality.

以钢琴音板为例，通过对影响钢琴音板声学品质的几个因素进行具体的分析，直观地将钢琴音板的声音品质反映出来，试图建立适合钢琴声学品质的计算机声学虚拟系统及测试方法。

Our acoustic panel includes wooden fiber acoustic panel, cloth-fiberglass acoustic panel, wooden groove acoustic panel , wooden holed acoustic panel, wooden diffusing acoustic panel, etc., all of these products have won our customers highly comments all over the world.

我们的声学小组，包括木纤维的声学小组，布-玻璃纤维声学小组，木制槽的声学小组，木洞的声学小组，木制的扩散声小组等，所有这些产品，赢得了我们的客户提供高度的评论遍布世界各地。

This dissertation describes the development of the modern acoustics, related measure standard and equipment at the beginning.

本文介绍了现代声学的发展及声学测量标准和声学测量仪器在国内外的发展概况。

Among them very multinomial and direct or indirect design reachs relevant industry to sensor, detailed situation is as follows: The computer reachs peripheral equipment: Hold pattern recognition of GPS receiver, graph and processing system; Microelectronics and photoelectron yuan parts of an apparatus: Cadmium of parts of an apparatus of coupling of CCD photoelectricity carry on one's shoulder, tellurium is mercuric , infra-red detector; CMOS image sensor; Communication equipment reachs a product: Smooth communication is metric with the instrument that monitor; Civil spacecraft reachs ground facilities: Spacecraft is lukewarm control a product; Automation machinery reachs device: Industrial robot and intelligent robot; Electromechanical key foundation: Intelligent air cylinder, intelligence changes model carapace breaker (voltage 380V, 660V, voltaic 1000A), prevent adopt device of dead apply the brake , the electron controls vehicle of the automatic gear-box, dynamoelectric steering gear that help strength, car to carry diagnostic system, gasoline engine electronic-controlled engine of device, derv is electronic-controlled car of device, alternative fuel changes device, car; Instrument appearance reachs a system: GPS car fixed position, monitoring calls the police attemper system, colliery installs all inspection to measure general management system, hydroelectric station to monitor control system, automatic cruise automatically to control a system (the car is auxiliary drive system), the electron collects fees administrative system (ceaseless car electron pays cost the system), two-phase; New-style medical apparatus and instruments: Medical sensor; Inorganic metalloid material: Component of the pottery and porcelain that suppress report, lukewarm characteristic thermal resistor ; New-style the sources of energy reachs equipment: The solar battery reachs package; The environment monitors an instrument: Monitor appearance, CO automatically to monitor appearance, automatic acid rain automatically sampler and determine appearance, soot, dust is automatic sampler and determine appearance, flue gas is automatic sampler and determine steam of end of appearance, car determines automatically appearance, portable poisonous and harmful gas determines quality of air of type of appearance, flow; The exploration of the sources of energy and mineral products resource develops device: MWD is followed get oil of logging instrument, numerical control monitor below well of deep well logging instrument, colliery reach calamity to forecast; The project measures and equipment of earthly physics observation: Project acceleration measures system, much general to strap weather radar (use be concerned with or double polarization technology), intelligence atmosphere sensor (contain lukewarm, press, irradiation level of wet, wind, precipitation, dew point, sun), personal computer control is automatic and perpendicular artesian well system , marine atmosphere; 1 2 of on one page issues one page

主动化机械及行动措施：工业机械人和智能机械人；机电要害根本件：智能气缸、智能化塑壳断路器（电压380V、660V，电流1000A）、防抱死制动安装、电子节制主动变速箱、电动助力转向安装、汽车车载诊断系统、汽油策念头电控安装、柴油策念头电控安装、代用燃料汽车转换安装、汽车前进前辈电子传感器、高效汽车尾气净化安装、柴油策念头高压供油系统（≥1600Bar）、车辆动静节制系统、被动悬架系统、汽车防碰撞安装、汽车电子防盗安装、车内情况智能节制系统、汽车能源多能源治理系统、空气悬架系统、电子制动系统；仪器仪表及系统：GPS汽车定位、监控报警调剂系统、煤矿安好检测综合治理系统、水电站主动监测节制系统、主动巡航节制系统、电子收费治理系统、两相流量固体流量计、现场总线智能仪表；新型医疗器械：医用传感器；无机非金属材料：压电陶瓷元件、正温特征热敏电阻；新型能源及装备：太阳能电池及组件；情况监测仪器：主动监测仪、CO主动监测仪、主动酸雨采样器及测定仪、烟尘、粉尘主动采样器及测定仪、烟气主动采样器及测定仪、汽车尾汽主动测定仪、便携式有毒有害气体测定仪、流动式空气品质监测车、间歇式空气中有机传染物主动分析仪、COD主动在线监测仪BOD主动在线监测仪、浊度和电导主动在线监测仪、DO主动在线监测仪、TOC主动在线监测仪、TOD主动在线监测仪、氨氮主动在线监测仪、油份测定仪、多性能水质现场监测仪、车载型X萤光测试仪、噪声频谱分析仪、振动仪、辐射剂量监测仪、射线分析测试仪、CH主动监测仪；能源和矿产资本的勘察开辟行动措施：MWD随钻测井仪、数控石油深井测井仪、煤矿井下监测及灾难预告；工程测量和地球物理观测行动措施：工程加速度测量系统、多普勒天气雷达、智能型气象形象传感器(含温、压、湿、风、降水、露点、太阳辐照度)、微机节制主动垂直钻井系统、船用气象形象仪、磁通门罗盘和电位计罗盘、测波仪、智能型大陆水质监测用化学传感器(陆续工作3-6个月)、海流测量仪器（操纵声学、机械、电磁办法）、走航式声学多普勒海流剖面仪、声学应答开释器、声学水位计、近海深浪潮汐测量系统；农业工程行动措实行动措施：农业工程行动措施情况计较机主动节制行动措施、温室浇灌营养液主动设置装备摆设与施肥行动措施、巷道式智能化孵化器。

Unscented transformation is used to improve the performance of extended kalman filter in the field of automatic control because it can reach accuracy of second order linear approximation. UT compensation can make us to estimate more accurate noisy acoustic model parameters corresponding to static feature of speech and we also proposes several kinds of engineering implementations to improve the efficiency up to six times faster than usual implementation of UT compensation.

针对声学模型参数在噪声环境下非线性变化的补偿问题，现在国际上广泛使用的PMC和VTS声学模型参数补偿算法只能达到其线性展开的一阶近似，所以本文通过使用自动控制领域用来提高扩展卡尔曼滤波器性能的称作Unscented Transformation的技术，可以达到对声学模型参数非线性变化的二阶近似，得到的声学模型参数更加精确。

The first plurality of acoustic drivers and the second plurality of acoustic drivers may be ordered so that each pair of the first plurality is separated by one of the second plurality.

可以对所述多个第一声学驱动器和所述多个第二声学驱动器排序，使得所述多个第一声学驱动器的每一对被所述多个第二声学驱动器中的一个分开。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

Extensive foreign accent studies have long recognized the crucial role of second language (L2) prosody to successfully convey linguistic and pragmatic meaning in exchanges with native speakers. However, much less work has been dedicated to the prosodic differences in fundamental frequency (F0), intensity, and duration between Taiwanese advanced English speakers and native English speakers. In order to bridge the gap, the present thesis (1) compares the acoustic features between compounds and phrases,(2) compares the acoustic correlates in English compound and phrasal stress between NNG and NG, and (3) examine if NNG can differentiate compounds from phrases.

中文摘要本研究的所探讨的问题有三个，第一，比较英语复合词及片语重音在声学上的差异，尤其是在重音节上的比较；第二，比较台湾高等英语学习者在英语复合词及片语重音上与以英语为母语的外国人有什麼声学上的差异，此声学上的差异又分为三大类：音高(F0)、音量、音长，下又细分成14个参数；第三，我们也探讨台湾高等英语学习者是否能在声学特质展现区别复合词与片语的现象。

The acoustical and statistical tests showed that energy, duration and pitch are not equivalent factors in determining a boundary; that is, the energy was the most obvious factor while the pitch was the most obscure.

这不是按照构成节奏边界的声学因素的重要性排列的，而是在语图中能较容易辨别出的声学因素的顺序。要正确判断节奏边界，必须在CSL画面中显示所有声学因素的画面并且考虑所有的声学因素。

Igor Sposobin ? book " the harmony Guide", Paul Hindemith ? book "A Concise Course of traditional and acoustic",Rimsky Korsakov ? book "Practical Guide and acoustic",Percy ? The Stankevicius book and acoustic, Theodore Dubois ? a "theory and practice and acoustic Guide", Walter ?

伊·斯波索宾等人合著的《和声学教程》、保罗·兴德米特著《传统和声学简明教程》、里姆斯基·科萨科夫著《和声学实用教程》、柏西·该丘斯著《和声学》、泰奥多尔·杜布瓦著《理论与实践和声学教程》、瓦尔特·辟斯顿著《辟斯顿和声学》这六本和声教科书，是多年来沿用至今的六本较好的和声教材。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。