士绅

Under such a background, women of Shanghai early got the chance to go to missionary school that foreigners ran in 1850. By the end of the 19th century, along with the enlightened gentries in Shanghai lift the tide of setting up woman education, many private woman schools open wide to them .

在这样的背景下，上海的女性早在1850年就得到了入洋人办的教会学校学习的机会，到了19世纪末，随着沪上开明士绅兴办女学风潮的掀起，更有不少私立女校对她们敞开怀抱。

These country gentries became a large stratum who has been out of office.

明清，士绅数量因长期的科举制和居官致仕制度，形成了数目庞大的在野士人阶层，进而构筑了他们共同享有的领域空间和语境。

These social element—relationship of district and blood, the influence of regional gentries, private relationship in modern business society, and complicated culture customs—which affected on the building of foreign enterprises\' native management, they all have long term history, are all important part of Chinese traditional culture. The process of B.A.

导致外国企业采取本土化策略的社会因素，无论是商业社会中的地缘、血缘关系，农村士绅势力在地方事务的影响，个人关系在商业社会的作用，还是复杂迥异的地区、民族文化习俗，都具有悠久的历史和形成过程，都是中国社会传统文化的组成部分，并在近代中国社会中依然存在。

Meanwhile the gentries who expanded their power and social influence by organizing the Tuanlian during the war became the main strength rebuilding the social order after war.

而士绅在战时以组织团练为契机，其权力和社会影响力扩大，成了重构战后社会秩序的主要力量。

Among the various thoughts, the notion of rescuing the country by developing industry and commerce had a great influence on a special class of feudal officials — the gentries. thus greatly promoting the modernization of China.

国内各种救国思潮风起云涌，其中以挽回利权为目的的&实业救国&思潮深深影响着一个特殊的封建士大夫阶层——士绅阶层，他们在&实业救国&的浪潮中扮演主力军的角色。

At last, according to the movements of the 13 districts or counties along the southern bank of the Yellow River in the middle of Guangxu reign, the author analyzes the relations between the state and the peasants, concluding that it was because of local gentries'help that the state could succeed in making the peasants move out, but the victims'moving in proved that the state couldn't control the peasants effectively, implying it couldn't control the land either.

文章最后从光绪中叶以后黄河南岸十三州县移民反迁的事实及原因分析了政府与农民的关系，指出政府能够完成迁民，是依赖于士绅的倡导、组织和实施，移民反迁证明了政府不能有效控制家民，其实质是不能有效控制土地。

The other aspect was that themerchants turned rouad to be gentries to snatch official ranks and positionsthrough the means of keju(civil examinations in empire days of China)anddonating.

另一方面是商人向士绅的回归，通过科举、捐纳等手段攫取功名、官职。

These main methods were as follows: the local officials themselves heard the cases, got the causes, tried to persude the believers and the common people ,otherwise punished them to suppress their critical momentum to reduce resistance; relied on local rural Managers and gentries to settle the cases; argued vigorously with priests and believers according to treaties; consulled directly with the minister and rejected the unreasonable demands ;noticed out to tell the people and so on.

直隶地方官员们利用近代的外交手段并传统办案的方法加以解决教案的交涉，主要方法有亲身审问，当堂直接讯明案情根由；劝谕开导、刚柔并济对民教详加开导进行说理工作，否则刑责教民，压制其气势减少办案阻力；借助地方乡保、士绅等人之力而结案；派员会办，查明根由；对教士教民以进为退据约力争；与公使领事直接会商驳斥开导；出谕晓示以通民教之情等等。

The emergence of the"gentry-merchant"stratum reflected a new kind ofnon-waditional socical moving,which had not only tora the traditional stiffsocial stratum that solidated the gentry and intellectual as one,but hadfurthermore alternated the people's traditional points of views towards money,identity and power.

&绅商&阶层的出现，体现了一种非传统的社会流动，这不仅打破了传统的士绅一统的板结化社会结构体系，更主要的是因而改变了人们对金钱、身份、权力的传统看法。

In 1823 there were at Montfermeil neither so many white houses nor so many well-satisfied citizens: it was ssbbww.com a village in the forest.

一八二三年的孟费郿却没有这样多的粉墙房屋，也没有这样多的得意士绅。那还只是个林木中的乡村。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。