增大

The static model of torsion joint is based on that of bending joint. The effects of structure parameters inside air pressure, initial angle, rube average radius, rube shell thickness on the turning angle are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the relationship between the angle of torsion joint and the inside air pressure is basically linear, the angle of torsion joint increases with the initial angle and rube average radius, the angle of torsion joint decreases while the rube shell thickness increases. The kinetic equation is built for torsion joint. Simulating experiment implies that the time of inflating and deflating process is extremely shorter than that of kinetic process. So the pneumatic process can be ignored in actual system design and control. The factors that affect the dynamic features of torsion joint, such as shell thickness of rubber tube, average radius, initial angle, connector's outlet area, moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient, are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the change of rube shell thickness has no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure while greatly affects the turning angle of torsion joint; when the rube shell thickness is small, the torsion joint has a bigger turning angle, no overshoot and long risetime, when the shell thickness is big, the turning angle of torsion joint is small, but has high response speed, overshoot and low shock; when the rube average radius increases, the turning angle of torsion joint increases and the overshoot increases too; when the initial angle of torsion joint is big, the turning joint is big, the overshoot is small and shock is low, but the risetime is big; the connector's outlet area affects the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure greatly, but has no effects on the dynamic process of turning angle; moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient have no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure, but affect the dynamic process of turning angle greatly.

在弯曲关节模型推导的基础上，建立扭转关节的静态模型，并分析了扭转关节内腔压力，初始转角，橡胶管平均半径，橡胶管壁厚等参数对关节转角的影响，得出扭转关节的转动角度与充入FPA内腔的压缩气体压力之间基本呈线性关系，扭转关节的转角随初始角度和橡胶管平均半径的增大而增大，扭转关节的转角随橡胶管壁厚的增大而减小的结论；建立了扭转关节的动力学方程，仿真实验表明FPA的充放气过程与扭转关节的动力学过程相比时间极短，在实际系统设计和控制过程中可以忽略不计；分析讨论橡胶管壁厚，平均半径，初始角度，气体节流口面积，转动惯量，粘性阻尼系数等因素对扭转关节动态特性的影响，得出橡胶管初始壁厚的变化对扭转关节FPA内腔压力的动态响应几乎没有影响而对关节转角的响应曲线影响比较明显，壁厚较小时，关节可以得到较大的转角，并且转角的响应曲线没有超调，但上升时间长，壁厚较大时，关节转角变小，响应加快，但是有超调和轻微振荡现象，橡胶管平均半径越大，得到的关节转角越大，但是转角响应的超调量也随之增大，FPA的初始角度越大，关节的转角越大，并且超调量减小，振荡减弱，但是上升时间增大，管接头出口面积的大小对关节FPA内腔压力的建立过程影响较大，但对关节转角的动态响应几乎没有影响，转动惯量和粘性阻尼系数对FPA内腔压力的动态过程几乎没有影响而对扭转关节转角有较大影响等结论。

The results show that the degassing efficiency increases with the residence time increasing;when other parameters are certain, the degassing efficiency increases with the number of arris and the concave depth increasing;the degassing efficiency decreases with the angle increasing.

结果表明：脱气效率随着滞留时间的增大而增大；当其他参数一定时，脱气效率随着棱数和凹入深度的增大而增大，随着角度的增大而减小。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

The results show that the inner diametrical dimensions will decrease with increasing the feed、reduction rate and roller angle and increase with increasing the wall thickness.

结果表明：产品内径随进给比的增大而减小、随减薄率的增大而减小、随工作角的增大而减小、随壁厚的增大而增大。

The numerical results indicated that the mixing time decreases about linearly with increasing current intensity. The mixing time decreases first then increases with increasing current frequency and comes up to its minimum value at 30Hz. Applying the traveling magnetic field to the uptake or downtake when the exciting current intensity is 200 A at 10 Hz, the mixing time can be shortened by 9%~17%. With the operating conditions kept unchanged, shorter mixing time is available if applying the traveling magnetic field to the uptake instead of downtake, and the time can be shortened by 18%~26% if applying the magnetic field to both the uptake and downtake. Moreover, the mixing time decreases with increasing argon blowing flowrate, and the time comes down to its minimum value if the argon blowing flowrate is 1 600 NL/min. After the moment, the mixing time increases with argon blowing flowrate.

计算结果表明：混匀时间随电流强度的增大而减小，并且近似成线性关系；混匀时间随电流频率的增加先减小后增大，并且在30Hz 时达到极小值；在励磁电流强度为200A ，频率为10Hz 的条件下，在上升管或下降管施加行波磁场混匀时间可缩短9%~17%；在相同操作条件下，在上升管处施加行波磁场混匀时间小于在下降管施加行波磁场的混匀时间；同时在上升管和下降管施加行波磁场，混匀时间可缩短18%~26%；混匀时间随吹氩量的增大而减小，在吹氩量为1600NL/min 时混匀时间达到极小值，吹氩量继续增大时，混匀时间反而增大。

The relationship between elastic strain energy and the reduction coefficient can be used as criteria in slope stability analysis using strength reduction method.

研究结果表明：采用强度折减法，当边坡处于稳定状态时，折减系数增大引起边坡变形增大，导致边坡体弹性应变能随之增大；但是，边坡岩土体能够承受的弹性应变能是有极限的，当折减系数增大到某一值时，边坡体的弹性应变能达到极限，再增大折减系数将导致边坡失稳破坏；边坡体弹性应变能与折减系数服从指数关系；利用弹性应变能与折减系数关系曲线得到的边坡安全系数与采用其他经典的方法所得边坡安全系数基本一致，弹性应变能随折减系数变化而变化的规律可以作为边坡稳定性强度折减法分析的失稳判据。

The results indicate that its dynamic stress-strain curve is hyperbolic type. The dynamic strain of LCES decreases with increasing confining pressure, cement content, curing ages and cyclic loading frequency when it is subjected to the same dynamic stress. At the same dynamic strain, the dynamic secant elastic modulus E_(sec of LCES increases and the damping ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure, cement content, curing ages and cyclic loading frequency. The curves ofσ_d～ε_d,E_～ε_d and D～ε_d with different EPS content intersect respectively, the trend of LCES deformation characteristic is inversely proportional to EPS content near the intersection. The value of dynamic strain at the intersection is about 0.5%~3.0%, the magnitude of which is related to the mixing proportions and confining pressure.

试验结果表明，LCES的动应力应变骨干曲线形态符合双曲线；在相同的动应力作用下，LCES产生的动应变随着固结压力、水泥掺量、试样养护龄期和振动频率的增大而减小；在动应变相同的情况下，随着固结压力、水泥掺量、试样养护龄期和振动频率的增大，LCES的动模量增大而阻尼比减小；随着加载次数的增大，LCES的动模量在开始阶段显著降低，然后趋于稳定，但当加载次数达到几百次时，动模量又有增大的趋势；不同EPS掺入比的LCES的动应力应变骨干曲线、动模量随应变变化曲线和阻尼比随应变变化曲线都发生了相交，交点前后EPS掺入比的大小对LCES动力变形特性的影响趋势是截然相反的，交点处的动应变值一般在0.5％～3.0％范围内变化，其大小与LCES的配比以及固结压力有关。

And also the device was simulating. The results of cold - flow model test indicate that pressure drop rises with increasing air quantity and solids quantity respectively, however, much more air quantity will make pressure drop minish in the same height position;The average concentration of granule minishes with increasing air quantity, and rises with increasing solids quantity in the same height position;The inhomogeneity of distribution of the average granule concentration minishes with increasing air quantity, and rises with increasing the granule quantity.

冷态实验结果表明：流化床内同一高度截面与基准面之间的压差是随风量的增加而增加的，但是风量过于增大反而使同一高度截面与基准面之间的压差减小了，同时，压差是随初始物料量的增加而逐渐增加的；在同一高度截面上，颗粒平均浓度随风量的增大而逐渐减小的，随物料量的逐渐增大而增大的；颗粒浓度分布的不均匀性随风量的增大而逐渐减小，而随物料量的增加而不断增大的。

The rules of fluid rate with different technical parameters: the increase of electromagnetic force causes the increases of the fluid rates at S/L interface and free surface, the decrease of skin depth, the increase of electric current density which will make the fluid at free surface flowing faster, while it doesnt affect the fluid rate at S/L interface. When the height of melt increases, the both of fluid rates will increase too. The increase of the width-thickness ratio augments the fluid rates along the wider edges at S/L interface evidently, while the rates along the narrow edges will have little change, and the rate at free surface has little change too. The increase of overheat degree minishes the range of mush zone, while the fluid rates at S/L interface and free surface will increase evidently.

流速的大小随各种不同工艺因素的变化呈现出一定的变化规律：随电磁力的增大，固液界面以及自由表面处的流速都会增大；集肤层渗入深度变薄，电流密度增大，会导致自由表面上流动的加强，但对固液界面处的流动速度影响不大；熔区高度的增加，也会使固液界面及自由表面处的流动增强；宽厚比增大时，固液界面上沿宽面方向的流动显著增强，但窄面方向流速变化不大，同时自由表面上流速变化也较小；过热度及温度梯度的增大，使糊状区减小，导致固液界面及自由表面处的流速显著增大。

The influence of its main design parameters on the floating displacement is analyzed.These provide theoretical background for the design of the basic floating parts of the star gear train.The floating displacement of center gears does not change with the power change of the train,and increases with the increase of the rotational speed of the train...

分析表明，中心轮的浮动位移量不随系统输入功率的变化而变化，随系统转速的增大而增大；中心轮的浮动位移量随系统星轮个数的增加而增大，随系统构件误差值的增大而增大，各构件的误差值对中心轮的浮动位移量的影响有累加作用；中心轮的浮动位移量随其齿轮的质量及转动惯量的增大而增加。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。