基膜

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

Last results showed that desiccation and priming could make the membrane structure to be preserved and restored. Many kinds of substances protect the membrane structure, such as soluble sugars, proteins, amphiphilic molecules, calcium ion, polyamine and other radical cleared system of nonenzyme katalyst, etc. These protective substances cooperate together to stabilize the structure of membrane lipids and proteins, and to keep the integrality of membrane structure, so the membrane function can exert normally and seed vigor can be improved.

研究表明，超干和引发处理可使膜结构得到保持与修复，很多种类的物质参与了膜结构的保护，例如可溶性糖、蛋白质、两性分子、Ca2+、多胺及其他非酶促自由基清除系统等，保护物质协同作用，稳定膜脂及膜蛋白的结构，保持膜系统的完整性，使膜功能得以正常发挥，强化了种子活力。

Last results showed that desiccation and pruning could make the membrane structure to be preserved and restored. Many kinds of substances protect the membrane structure, such as soluble sugars, proteins, amphiphilic molecules, calcium ion, polyamine and other radical cleared system of nonenzyme katalyst, etc. These protective substances cooperate together to stabilize the structure of membrane lipids and proteins, and to keep the integrality of membrane structure, so the membrane function can exert normally and seed vigor can be improved.

研究表明，超干和引发处理可使膜结构得到保持与修復，很多种类的物质参与了膜结构的保护，例如可溶性糖、蛋白质、两性分子、Ca(上標 2+)、多胺及其他非酶促自由基清除系统等，保护物质协同作用，稳定膜脂及膜蛋白的结构，保持膜系统的完整性，使膜功能得以正常发挥，强化了种子活力。

The phase structure of the ceramic-coating includes γ-Al2O3, AlPO4 and CoO. The forming process of the ceramic-coating includes iron movement, melting of surface layer, movement of electrolyte towards the melting-zone and the final nucleus-forming and sintering. The ceramic coating looks like islands and islets. The ceramic coating and the matrix are integrated metallurgically.

结果表明：该陶瓷膜层由γ-Al2O3， AlPO4和CoO等组成；通过对陶瓷膜层的表面形貌和显微结构观察及分析，发现陶瓷膜层形成过程是一个离子运动，表面层不断被击穿形成熔融区，处理体系中的电解质不断向熔融区运动、成核并迅速烧结的过程；陶瓷膜层呈现岛屿状；陶瓷膜层与基体之间为冶金结合。

Special staining methods, such as Masson and the Van Gieson staining were used to study the distribution of collogen fibers and elastic fibers. ResultsBy HE staining, the subepithelial connective tissues and vessels in the pterygium were more prominent than normal conjunctival tissues. An amorphous subepithelial superficial hyalinized zone and coarse eosinophilic granular materials were observed in the pterygia, but they were not found in normal conjunctival specimens. Coarse fibers were visible only in the deeper subepithelial connective tissues of pterygial samples. With Masson′s staining, the dense staining of collagen fibers was also more prominent in the pterygium than in the subepithelial connective tissues of normal conjunctiva. Abnormal collagen fibers were visible in the deeper sub-epithelial connective tissues of pterygial samples. With Van Gieson staining, abnormal collagen fibers were visible in the deeper subepithelial connective tissues. Dark coarse elastic fibers were found in the abnormal fibers only in the subepithelial deep connective tissues of pinguecula in the pterygia but not in the conjunctiva. With immunohistochemistry staining, MMP-3 was strong in the pterygial epithelium, moderate in fibroblast and absent from pterygial vascular walls. LN was strongly expressed in the blood vessel wall, moderately in the epithelial basement membrane and absent from the entire stroma.

结果HE染色：翼状胬肉组织上皮下基质中存在结缔组织的增生和血管形成；基质浅层存在一无定形物质透明区及粗糙的颗粒样嗜酸性物质，在翼状胬肉体部深层基质中存在粗糙的纤维组织；正常球结膜组织细胞排列整齐；基质为疏松结缔组织，胶原纤维平行排列，其间可见成纤维细胞，散在少量中性粒细胞、毛细血管；Masson染色：翼状胬肉浅层基质中存在致密的胶原纤维染色，深层基质中的胶原纤维存在变性样改变；VG染色：翼状胬肉组织深层基质中存在大量变性的胶原纤维，其间夹杂黑色的弹性纤维；免疫组化染色法：MMP-3在翼状胬肉上皮细胞中呈强表达，成纤维细胞中呈中等强度表达，血管内皮细胞中未见表达；LN在血管壁中呈强表达，在上皮细胞基底膜中呈中等强度表达，在整个基质中未见明显表达；col Ⅲ在整个翼状胬肉基质中呈强表达。

The factors of temperature and humidity influenced on film thickness and order of layer were studied, in which pulling speed and pulling times were also included. It showed that the thickness of single dip-coating film reached 0.23 μm ~ 0.625 μm, and the degree of order of surface layer were still holding much higher.b Adopting calcined or uncalcined mesoporous silica membrane as matrix, nano zirconia particles were assembled through ion exchange method and ion-template exchange method.

结果表明，单次提拉膜膜厚0.23μm～0.625μm、8次提拉后表层膜仍有一定的有序性； b以自制的介孔氧化硅煅烧/未煅烧厚膜样为基体，采用离子交换法/离子模板交换法组装锆氧纳米粒子，选用DSC-TG、FT-IR、Uv-vis、SAXRD等对不同组装方法、锆源浓度、pH值等组装条件下ZrO_2/介孔氧化硅厚膜组装效果进行评价。

The copolymer derived from the copolymerization in high capacity kettle were testified that copolymerization between AN and MMA occurred. The microcapsules in the films are distributed in the copolymer film matrix. The heat-absorbing temperatures and heat-evolving temperatures of the films are almost the same as that of the MOCT, respectively. In addition, the enthalpy efficiency of MOCT, the melting enthalpy and the crystallizing enthalpy rises with the contents of MOCT increasing.The decomposition temperature of copolymers in the films containing various contents of MOCT decreases with the contents of MOCT increasing.

采用30升聚合釜合成了丙烯腈—甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物，证实了丙烯腈和甲基丙烯酸甲酯发生了共聚反应；正十八烷微胶囊分散和镶嵌到了共聚物膜基体中；正十八烷微胶囊含量不同的共聚物膜的吸热温度放热温度与纯正十八烷微胶囊的吸放热温度基本相同；随着正十八烷微胶囊含量的增加，共聚物膜的热焓和热效率逐渐增加；共聚物膜中的共聚物的热稳定性温度随着正十八烷微胶囊含量的增加逐渐减小，共聚物膜的结晶度则有所增大。

The humidity resistance and the sensitivity to chemical warfare agents simulants of the tuned films were also investigated.Self-assembled LBL polyaniline films were prepared from aniline monomers by in situ polymerization and the mechanism of film formation was discussed. It was proposed that the self-assembly of polyaniline occurred through the quick absorption of aniline monomer cations or aniline monomer cation radicals on the glass surfaces by electrostatic attractions to form homogeneous polymerization centers, then increased gradually by the way of upright to the glass supports for extensity, leading to the polyaniline chain growth. The polyaniline was doped under acidic condition to absorb anionic polyelectrolyte, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate based on the electrostatic force, or to adsorb polymer based on hydrogen-bonding interactions, for example Polyvinyl Alcohol, and then recycled to fabricate_n or_n self-assembled multilayer films.

跟踪了原位聚合的具有纳米结构的聚苯胺多层自组装膜的成膜过程，提出了该自组装膜的成膜机理：聚合反应初始阶段的苯胺阳离子或苯胺阳离子自由基通过静电作用快速吸附到带负电荷的基片表面，形成均匀的聚合中心，然后以垂直于基片的方式进行链增长生成PANI；PANI在酸性条件下经现场掺杂后带正电荷，再通过静电作用吸附带负电荷的聚电解质如聚苯乙烯磺酸钠，或通过氢键作用吸附聚合物如聚乙烯醇，这样循环LBL-SA即得到_n或_n等原位聚合聚苯胺自组装膜。

XRD and EDS analysis indicate that at static condition, the composition of the scale is CO3, while the scale changes to CO3 at dynamic conditions. The increment in flow rate increased the thickness of the scale remarkably, but had little influence on the hardness and Young's modulus of the scale. The fracture toughness of the scale exhibited the lowest value at the flow rate of 0.5 m/s whereas the adhesion strength increased with increasing the flow rate.

结果表明，静态条件下形成的腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为CO3，动态条件下的主要成分为CO3；介质的流动能够促进腐蚀产物膜的形成，但对膜的硬度以及杨氏模量影响不大；腐蚀产物膜的断裂韧性随着流速的增大先下降后上升，流动状态下内层腐蚀产物膜的致密性较好，膜与基体的结合强度较高。

The main research work of this dissertation is as follows: Based on the chemical reaction engineering theory and the nitrobenzene electroreduction mechanism, the plate and frame electrolyzer was designed and applied to the process of electroreduction nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol. This dissertation measured the residence time distribution data of the electrolyzer by means of the pulse response method and studied the rule of flow pattern along with the current capacity change. Under different conditions ,this dissertation studied the cyclic voltammetry properties of nitrobenzene on different electrodes by means of the dynamic cyclic voltammetry method and the electrode materials applied to the NB electroreduction have been selected primarily.Baseed on the results of cyclic voltammetry tests, this dissertation used p-electrode systems to measure the steady-state- polarization curves of nitrobenzene on different electrodes in H-type diaphragm cell, and obtained each primary factor s influence rule and the exchange current density value of each electrode.And then on the basis of the conclusions of fundamental researchs upword, the effects of influence factors on the the yield of p-aminophenol and the current efficiency,such as electrode material, current density, quantity of electricity circulated, nitrobenzene concentration . sulpuric acid concentration and so on, have been studied in detail in the systems of hign temperature , strong acidity and oxygen-poorthrough a series of electrolysis experiments in this paper.After all using Pb as anode Monel metal as cathode Dupont Nafion 417 cation-exchange membrane as membrane, this dissertation obtained the optimum technological condition: reaction temperature about 85C, current density 500A m-2, sulphuric acid concentration 20%wt.

论文的主要研究工作为：运用化学反应工程理论，结合硝基苯的电还原机理，设计出用于硝基苯直接电还原合成对氨基苯酚实验的板框式电解槽，并利用脉冲响应法测定了该板框式电解槽的停留时间分布数据，研究了流型随流量变化的规律；通过动态循环伏安法研究了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的循环伏安特性，初步评选出了用于硝基苯电还原的电极材料；结合循环伏安的测定结果，在H型隔膜电解槽中采用三电极体系测定了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的稳态极化曲线，得到了各主要因素的影响规律及硝基苯在各个电极上电还原的交换电流密度数值；在基础研究结论指导下，采用板框式电解槽，在高温、强酸、贫氧系统中，进行了一系列的电解实验，分别考察了电极材料、电流密度、通电量、硝基苯浓度、硫酸浓度等因素对收率及电流效率的影响，最终选择以蒙乃尔合金电极作为阴极、铅合金为阳极、Dupont Nofion 417阳离子交换膜为隔膜，得到由硝基苯直接电还原制对氨基苯酚的最佳电解工艺条件：反应温度85℃，电流密度500A·m~(-2)，硫酸浓度20％wt。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。